Forced by the Watergate scandal to leave the presidency in disgrace in 1974,Nixon was unable to move toward the full resumption of SinoAmerican diplomatic relations he had once contemplated.He did, however,continue to serve as an unofficial adviser on China policy,his efforts particularly notable in the aftermath of the crisis of June 1989,when Nixon sought to serve as an honest broker between officials in both the United States and China,expounding to top Chinese leaders the shock and horror their actions had generated within the United States,but urging American politicians to moderate their initial harsh response in the interests of encouraging the remaining liberal forces within China. For Nixon,his opening to China remained a centerpiece of his presidential achievements,a diplomatic initiative whose value he emphasized repeatedly in his own prolific post-resignation writings,one of whose major functions was to regild his tarnished image and raise his fallen political stature.After leaving the presidency,the quest to rehabilitate his own reputation became Nixon"s greatest and most enduring preoccupation,an enterprise in which recalling and reinforcing—through his writings,visits to China,and other means—the memories of his accomplishments on China policy played a crucial role.
Dr. He Hui"s stimulating study is the first book by any scholar of whatever nationality to provide a comprehensive overview of Nixon"s policies toward China throughout his adult life. It is based upon extensive research in archival materials,including the holdings of the Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan Presidential Libraries and the United States National Archives,other newly declassified government documents,private papers,newspapers,and the voluminous writings of Richard Nixon himself and his associates,especially Henry Kissinger,together with the extensive and ever growing secondary literature on Nixon and his presidency. Dr. He is to be congratulated on the assiduity and tenacity she has shown in tracking down information and the skill with which she has woven her assorted data into a fascinating story,tracing the evolving views and actions toward China of one of the twentieth century"s most controversial and influential politicians.
Priscilla Roberts
Department of History
University of Hong Kong
【译文】
理查德·尼克松是美国最具吸引力的总统之一,他是一个既有卓越才干又有严重缺陷的人。尼克松虽有高超的政治技巧和智能,却没有安全感,也不遵守道德规则,这些因素最终使他栽了跟头,被迫辞职,颜面尽失。尼克松无可争议的成就能否抵消他对美国的损害?历史学家们仍然争论不休。从尼克松留下的长远的政治遗产看,要最终评价尼克松总统和他的历史地位,可能还要等数十年,有待更多的详细研究。
何慧博士对尼克松的对华政策的研究对越来越多的关于美国第37任总统的文献集群是一个重要的贡献。她的研究是追踪尼克松一生中的全部对华政策的第一本书。尽管尼克松在国内政治领域也显示出了他的才能,但他的兴趣主要还是在国际事务方面。在漫长的政治生涯中,中国观在尼克松的世界观中始终占据着突出地位。当他作为共和党的新锐人物进入政坛时,尼克松对麦卡锡主义做出呼应,认为亲共的民主党人有意遗弃国民党领导人蒋介石,而使毛泽东统治了中国。20世纪50年代,在担任艾森豪威尔政府的副总统的八年期间,尼克松比较谨慎。他访问了台湾,与蒋介石进行了长谈,却对蒋介石要求美国支持他“反攻大陆”不予置评,也不鼓励蒋介石与中国大陆在金门、马祖开战。60年代在野期间,尼克松进行了深刻的国内和国际事务方面的自我再教育,他到各地访问,并全面地重新思考美国的对外政策。
至1969年当选总统之前,与其他一些当代美国著名的政治家一样,尼克松已经清楚地认识到,改变美国不承认成立于1949年的中华人民共和国的政策,最有利于美国的国家利益。成为美国总统后,在国家安全事务助理、后为美国国务卿的亨利·基辛格的襄助下,尼克松通过秘密外交手段,实现了打开中国大门的创举,从中苏分裂中获得了好处,也通过离间这两个共产党大国———中国和苏联———得到了最大利益。尼克松相信,这种政策能够改进中美关系,也能推动美苏关系缓和,减少美国的军事开支和海外责任。
1974年,因“水门丑闻”而辞职下台后,尼克松不能继续推进他所预想的建立中美外交关系的构想。但是,他能够作为一个非官方的人士,不断地对美国的对华政策提出建议,特别是当1989年6月的危机之后,他作为一个中美双方都信得过的中间人所做的努力特别引人注目。他既向中国最高领导人详细解释美国国内对中国所采取措施的反应,同时也敦促美国政治家减弱他们当初刺耳的责难声。
对尼克松来说,打开中国的大门是他总统任期内的核心成就,他在辞职后一再强调这一外交创举的价值,一个主要的目的也是要为他洗涤污名,提升自己的政治地位。离开白宫后,恢复声名是尼克松最大的追求和压倒一切的事情。他通过写作、访问中国,以及其他手段,唤回人们的记忆,加深人们的印象,那就是:尼克松在美国的对华政策中起着关键的作用。
无论从哪个国家看,何慧博士令人兴奋的研究都是第一本全面论述尼克松一生的对华政策的著作。这是依据档案材料的深入研究。她使用了尼克松和里根总统图书馆的资料,美国国家档案馆的资料,以及其他最新解密的政府文件、私人文件、报纸和大量尼克松个人和他的同僚的著述,特别是基辛格的著作,还使用了相当丰富的关于尼克松和其总统时期的第二手材料。何慧博士在收集资料方面不但勤奋刻苦,而且坚忍不拔。她将各种材料理顺成为有趣故事的本领让人叹服,这让我们可以从中追寻到20世纪美国最具争议的和最有影响力的政治家之一的中国观的演进过程。
普丽西拉·罗伯茨
于香港大学历史系