I.
Composition of the Legislative Assembly. -- Social rank of the Deputies. Their inexperience， incompetence， and prejudices.
If it be true that a nation should be represented by its superior men， France was strangely represented during the Revolution. From one Assembly to another we see the level steadily declining； especially is the fall very great from the Constituent to the Legislative Assembly.
The actors entitled to perform withdraw just as they begin to understand their parts； and yet more， they have excluded themselves from the theatre， while the stage is surrendered to their substitutes.
"The preceding Assembly，" writes an ambassador，[1] "contained men of great talent， large fortune， and honorable name， a combination which had an imposing effect on the people， although violently opposed to personal distinctions. The actual Assembly is but little more than a council of lawyers， got together from every town and village in France."In actual fact， out of 745 deputies， indeed， "400 lawyers belong， for the most part， to the dregs of the profession"； there are about twenty constitutional priests， "as many poets and literary men of but little reputation， almost all without any fortune，" the greater number being less than thirty years old， sixty being less than twenty-six，[2]
nearly all of them trained in the clubs and the popular assemblies".
There is not one noble or prelate belonging to the ancient régime， no great landed proprietor，[3] no head of a service， no eminent specialist in diplomacy， in finance， in the administrative or military arts. But three general officers are found there， and these are of the lower rank，[4] one of them having held his appointment but three months， and the other two being wholly unknown. -- At the head of the diplomatic committee stands Brissot， itinerant journalist， lately traveling about in England and the United States. He is supposed to be competent in the affairs of both worlds； in reality he is one of those presuming， threadbare， talkative fellows， who， living in a garret， lecture foreign cabinets and reconstruct all Europe. Things， to them， seem to be as easily worked out as words and sentences： one day，[5] to entice the English into an alliance with France， Brissot proposes to place two towns， Dunkirk and Calais， in their hands as security；another day， he proposes "to make a descent on Spain， and， at the same time， to send a fleet to conquer Mexico." -- The leading member on the committee on finances is Cambon， a merchant from Montpellier， a good accountant， who， at a later period， is to simplify accounting and regulate the Grand Livre of the public debt， which means public bankruptcy. Mean-while， he hastens this on with all his might by encouraging the Assembly to undertake the ruinous and terrible war that is to last for twenty-three years； according to him， "there is more money than is needed for it."[6] In actual fact， the guarantee of assignats is used up and the taxes do not come in. They live only on the paper money they issue. The assignats lose forty per centum， and the ascertained deficit for 1792 is four hundred millions.[7] But this revolutionary financier relies upon the confiscations which he instigates in France， and which are to be set agoing in Belgium； here lies all his invention， a systematic robbery on a grand scale within and without the kingdom.
As to the legislators and manufacturers of constitutions， we have Condorcet， a cold-blooded fanatic and systematic leveler， satisfied that a mathematical method suits the social sciences fed on abstractions， blinded by formul？， and the most chimerical of perverted intellects. Never was a man versed in books more ignorant of mankind；never did a lover of scientific precision better succeed in changing the character of facts. It was he who， two days before the 20th of June， amidst the most brutal public excitement， admired "the calmness"and rationality of the multitude； "considering the way people interpret events， it might be supposed that they had given some hours of each day to the study of analysis." It is he who， two days after the 20th of June， extolled the red cap in which the head of Louis XVI.
had been muffled. "That crown is as good as any other. Marcus Aurelius would not have despised it."[8] -- Such is the discernment and practical judgment of the leaders； from these one can form an opinion of the flock. It consists of novices arriving from the provinces and bringing with them the principles and prejudices of the newspaper. So remote from the center， having no knowledge of general affairs or of their unity， they are two years behind their brethren of the Constituent Assembly. They are described in the following manner by Malouet，[9]
"Most of them， without having decided against a monarchy， had decided against the court， the aristocracy， and the clergy， ever imagining conspiracies and believing that defense consisted solely in attack.