Against this theory, which grants empirical reality to time, but denies to it absolute and transcendental reality, I have heard from intelligent men an objection so unanimously urged that I conclude that it must naturally present itself to every reader to whom these considerations are novel.It runs thus: "Changes are real" (this the continual change in our own representations demonstrates, even though the existence of all external phenomena, together with their changes, is denied).Now, changes are only possible in time, and therefore time must be something real.But there is no difficulty in answering this.I grant the whole argument.Time, no doubt, is something real, that is, it is the real form of our internal intuition.It therefore has subjective reality, in reference to our internal experience, that is, I have really the representation of time and of my determinations therein.Time, therefore, is not to be regarded as an object, but as the mode of representation of myself as an object.But if I could intuite myself, or be intuited by another being, without this condition of sensibility, then those very determinations which we now represent to ourselves as changes, would present to us a knowledge in which the representation of time, and consequently of change, would not appear.The empirical reality of time, therefore, remains, as the condition of all our experience.
But absolute reality, according to what has been said above, cannot be granted it.Time is nothing but the form of our internal intuition.*If we take away from it the special condition of our sensibility, the conception of time also vanishes; and it inheres not in the objects themselves, but solely in the subject (or mind) which intuites them.
*I can indeed say "my representations follow one another, or are successive"; but this means only that we are conscious of them as in a succession, that is, according to the form of the internal sense.
Time, therefore, is not a thing in itself, nor is it any objective determination pertaining to, or inherent in things.
But the reason why this objection is so unanimously brought against our doctrine of time, and that too by disputants who cannot start any intelligible arguments against the doctrine of the ideality of space, is this- they have no hope of demonstrating apodeictically the absolute reality of space, because the doctrine of idealism is against them, according to which the reality of external objects is not capable of any strict proof.On the other hand, the reality of the object of our internal sense (that is, myself and my internal state) is clear immediately through consciousness.The former- external objects in space- might be a mere delusion, but the latter- the object of my internal perception- is undeniably real.They do not, however, reflect that both, without question of their reality as representations, belong only to the genus phenomenon, which has always two aspects, the one, the object considered as a thing in itself, without regard to the mode of intuiting it, and the nature of which remains for this very reason problematical, the other, the form of our intuition of the object, which must be sought not in the object as a thing in itself, but in the subject to which it appears-which form of intuition nevertheless belongs really and necessarily to the phenomenal object.
Time and space are, therefore, two sources of knowledge, from which, a priori, various synthetical cognitions can be drawn.Of this we find a striking example in the cognitions of space and its relations, which form the foundation of pure mathematics.They are the two pure forms of all intuitions, and thereby make synthetical propositions a priori possible.But these sources of knowledge being merely conditions of our sensibility, do therefore, and as such, strictly determine their own range and purpose, in that they do not and cannot present objects as things in themselves, but are applicable to them solely in so far as they are considered as sensuous phenomena.