书城教材教辅智慧教育活动用书-名人传记
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第6章 Charles Dickens

In 1812, Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. Dickens’s father was a clerk in the navy pay office. He was well paid but often ended in financial troubles.

In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. In 1824, at the age of 12, Dickens was sent to work for some months at a blacking① factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his father John was in Marshalea debtor’s prison. Later this period found its way to the novel Little Dorritt.

In 1824 Dickens studied at Wellington House Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawson’s school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was a law office clerk, and then a shorthand② reporter.

At the age of eighteen, Dickens applied for a reader’s ticket at the British Museum. His career as a writer started in 1833. Dickens’s first sketch③ appeared in the Monthly Magazine in December 1833. In 1836, Dickens published his first novel The Pick-Wick Papers. Then he published the second novel Oliver Twist.

A Christmas Carol in 1843 is one of Dickens’s most loved works, which has been adapted into screen a number of times. Dickens used his own personal experiences of work in a factory in novel David Copperfield (1849—1850).

As Dickens matured artistically④, his novels developed from comic tales based on the adventures of a central character to works of great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and symbolic complexity.

Among his fine works are Little Dorritt (1855~1857), Great Expectations (1860~1861), and Our Mutual Friend (1864~1865). Readers of the 19th and early 20th century usually prized Dickens’s earlier novels for their humor and pathos. While recognizing the virtues of these books, critics today tend to rank more highly the later works because of their formal coherence⑤and acute perception of the human condition. In addition to those mentioned, Dickens’s major writings includeThe Old Curiosity Shop (1840~1841), Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859).

He spent much time traveling and campaigning against many of the social evils. Several important novels were serialized.On June 9th, 1870, he suffered a fatal stroke and was buried in Westminster Abbey five days later.

① blackingn. 黑色涂料,鞋油

② shorthandadj. 用速记法的,会速记的,用速记记下的

③ sketchn. (文学上的)速写、随笔

④ artisticallyadv. 艺术地,美术地,艺术上说来

⑤ coherencen. 统一,连贯性

查尔斯·狄更斯

1812年,查尔斯·狄更斯在英国汉普郡的兰德普尔特出生,那时候正处于新工业革命的时代,由此导致了马克思理论的诞生。狄更斯的父亲是海军财务办公室的一名出纳,他的待遇很好,但还是经常陷入经济困境。

1814年,狄更斯搬到伦敦,之后又到了查塔姆,在那里他接受了一些教育。1824年,也就是12岁那年,狄更斯被送去在伦敦汉格福特市场的一个鞋油工厂里呆了数月,而他的父亲约翰则由于债务被关进了马夏尔西监狱。后来,这段时期导致了小说《小杜丽》的诞生。

1824年,狄更斯在伦敦惠灵顿出版学院学习,1827年又到道森学校学习。从1827年到1828年间,他成为了律师事务所的一名职员,之后又成了一名速记记者。

在18岁那年,狄更斯在英国博物馆申请了一张阅览证。他成为一名作家的生涯始于1833年。1833年12月狄更斯在月刊杂志上发表了第一篇自己的随笔。1836年,他发表了第一篇小说《匹克威克外传》。之后,他发表了第二部小说《雾都孤儿》。

作于1843年的小说《圣但颂歌》是狄更斯最喜欢的一部作品,这本小说已经被多次改编出现在电影银幕上。狄更斯根据自己个人在工厂中做工的经历于1849年至1850年间创作了《大卫·科波菲尔》。

随着狄更斯在艺术创作上的逐渐成熟,他的小说也从原来以历险为人物原型的戏剧性角色,转变成了一系列与社会相关的、具有深刻心理活动、叙事性强且有象征性和复杂性的作品。其中就有他著名的作品《小杜丽》(1855~1857年),《远大前程》(1860~1861年)和《我们共同的朋友》(1864~1865年)等。19世纪和20世纪的读者经常称赞狄更斯那以幽默和风趣见长的早期小说作品,然而在了解了这些作品含义的基础上,今天的评论家们往往倾向于更加看重后期的作品,因为它们更具有连贯性以及对人类生存条件的精确剖析。除了上述提到的以外,狄更斯的著名作品还有:《老古玩店》(1840~1841年)、《艰难时代》(1854年)、《双城记》(1859年)等。

他将很多的时间都花在了旅行和反对社会罪恶的活动上面,一些重要的小说作品由此而形成。1870年6月9日,他因突患中风而去世,5天后被安葬于维斯敏斯特修道院。