On the Cold Food Day the next year when Jin Wengong led his officials to hold a memorial ceremony for Jie up the mountain. Arriving at the Jin’s tomb, to his surprise, He found the dead old willow tree had revived with luxuriant⑦ foliage. Looking at it, Jin Wengong seemed to see Jie Zitui. He pinched a wicker from the willow tree tenderly and braided a wicker ring and put it on his head to express his grief and sincerity.
Then Jin Wengong bestowed the old willow tree the name of Willow Clear and Bright. As soon as he returned to the court he made known all over the country that the day after Cold Food Day was fixed as the Clear and Bright Festival (or Qingming Festival in Chinese). The festival and customs were thus handed down from generation to generation. In addition, people began to visit Jie Zitui’s tomb and pay their respects to him.
The Qingming Festival is one of our traditional festivals, and it is also the most important day of sacrifice. Both the Han and some minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of the deceased. Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served.
The Hanshi (Cold Food) Festival was usually one day before the Qingming Festival. As our ancestors often extended the day to the Qingming, they were later combined.
On each Qingming Festival, all cemeteries⑧ are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed. The customs have been greatly simplified today. After slightly sweeping the tombs, people offer food, flowers and favorites of the dead, then burn incense and paper money and bow before the memorial tablet⑨.
In contrast to the sadness of the tomb sweepers, people also enjoy hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively. Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring outings. At this time tourists are everywhere.
People love to fly kites during the Qingming Festival. Kite flying is actually not limited to the Qingming Festival. Its uniqueness lies in that people fly kites not during the day, but also at night. A string of little lanterns tied onto the kite or the thread look like shining stars, and therefore, are called “god’s lanterns.”
The Qingming Festival is also a time to plant trees, for the survival rate of saplings⑩ is high and trees grow fast later. In the past, the Qingming Festival was called “Arbor Day”. But since 1979, the government set “Arbor Day” on March 12 according to the Gregorian calendar.
① monarchn. 君主,君王
② persecutev. 迫害,残害
③ ravenouslyadv. 大嚼地,饥饿的
④ conferv. 授予,赐予
⑤ indignantadj. 愤怒的,愤慨的
⑥ dedicatev. 以……奉献,贡献
⑦ luxuriantadj. 繁茂的,浓密的
⑧ cemeteryn. 公墓,坟地
⑨ tabletn. (铭刻文字的)匾;碑
⑩ saplingn. 幼树,树苗;年轻人
清明节
清明是我国二十四节气之一,公历一般在每年的4月4~6日。清明节后,气温回升,雨量增加,是春耕播种的好时机。但清明不只是安排农事的一个节气,它还是一个纪念节日。这个节日中既有悲酸泪又有欢笑声,是一个富有特色的节日。
关于清明节的由来,有一个感人的故事。在春秋时代,晋国的君主晋献公非常宠爱他的妃子骊姬。骊姬想让自己的儿子奚齐继位,而晋献公的大儿子申生是当时的太子。后来,妃子骊姬就设计除掉申生。不久,他又开始陷害申生的弟弟重耳。重耳得到消息后,就带着他的臣子流亡出走。
在流亡期间,重耳和他的随从经历了万般险阻和磨难。一天他们来到了一个偏僻无人烟的地方,此时重耳已是又累又饿。突然,大地裂开了一条缝,就是想行进也无路了。更严重的是,重耳饿晕了过去。
他的随从找了好长时间但却没发现任何能吃的东西。众随从都很担心替重耳。见此情景,臣子介子推退到一个隐蔽处,从自己腿上割下了一块肉。他用自己的肉熬了一碗汤,亲自端给重耳。
重耳狼吞虎咽地将汤喝完,身体也慢慢恢复了活力。他问肉是哪来的,众随从都看着衣衫布满血迹的介子推,他们含泪将一切告诉了重耳。
重耳感动至极,万般情感涌入心中,他抱住介子推,流着泪说:“如何才能报答你的救命之恩呢?”介子推答道:“在流亡的途中,公子已经尝遍了民间疾苦,臣希望将来您能做一名清明的君王。”
19年后,重耳最终回国做了晋国的君主,就是中国历史上的晋文公。晋文公执政后,对那些追随他的功臣们大加封赏,唯独忘了割股奉君的介子推。
很多人都觉得这样对介子推不公。他们劝介子推去见君王,领取奖赏。而介子推却对那些邀功受赏的人大为不屑。他收拾好东西,和母亲悄无声息地到绵山隐居去了。
当晋文公闻听此事时,心中充满了愧疚。于是,他带人亲自去请介子推。可是,当晋文公来到介子推的家里时,只见大门紧闭。邻居们说介子推不愿做官,已经背着母亲进了绵山。
绵山高而险峻,山深林密,要找寻介子推和他的母亲实属不易。于是,有人出了个主意说,不如放火烧山,介子推是孝子,他一定会背他的母亲出来的。晋文公欣然同意了,于是一场绵延大火从三面迅速燃起。
大火燃遍了整座绵山,却依然不见介子推的身影。大火熄灭后,人们才发现介子推身负母亲死在了一棵老柳树下。望着介子推,晋文公懊悔万分,追悔莫及。
当人们准备将介子推和他母亲的遗体放入棺材时,在柳树的一个小洞里发现了一封介子推的血书。上面写着:“割肉奉君尽丹心,但愿主公常清明……倘若主公心有我,忆我之时常自省……”
这封血书后来一直伴着晋文公的余生。为了纪念介子推,晋文公下令将绵山改为“介山”,将放火烧山的那一天定为寒食节。每年的这天禁忌烟火,只吃寒食。
第二年寒食节那天,晋文公领着群臣,到山上祭奠介子推。行至坟前,他惊奇地发现那棵老柳树竟然死树复活,繁枝叶茂。晋文公望着那棵复活的老柳树,好像看见了介子推一样。他轻轻地掐下一条柳枝,编成一个柳环套在他的头上,借此表达他的悼念及诚挚之情。
祭扫后,晋文公把复活的老柳树赐名为“清明柳”。回朝后,他又通告全国,将寒食节的第二天定为清明节。这个节日及习俗就这样代代相传。此后,人们也开始到介子推的坟前祭拜,以示敬重之情。
清明节是我国传统节日之一,也是最重要的祭祀节日。汉族和一些少数民族大都在这一天去祭拜祖先并为死去的人清扫坟墓。清明之日,他们不动烟火,只吃凉的食品。
由于寒食节只比清明节早一天,我们的祖先就将其延至清明这一天,渐渐地,寒食与清明就合二为一了。
清明节时,所有的公墓都挤满了前来扫墓上贡的人。公墓附近的交通变得非常拥挤。现在,清明节的习俗已变得简化多了。扫完墓后,人们将带来的食物,鲜花,以及死者喜欢的东西摆在坟前,然后就烧香焚纸,在墓碑前叩头行礼祭拜。
与清明节扫墓的悲哀相反,人们也一样可以享受充满希望的春天。清明时节,阳光灿烂,草木皆绿,万物复苏。自古以来,人们都有春游的习俗,到了清明时节,处处可见游人的身影。
人们在清明节时还喜欢放风筝,但放风筝并不局限于清明节这一时间。它之所以独特,是因为人们不仅白天放,夜间也放。在风筝上或是风筝线上系上一串串彩色的小灯笼,向闪烁的星星,被称为“神灯”。
清明时节也是植树的好时光,因为此时种植树苗成活率高,成长快。过去,人们把“清明节”叫做“植树节”。1979年,政府将植树节定在公历的3月12日。