The origin of vodka is famously disputed between Russia and Poland。 Both countries can cite written references to the spirit as early as the 15th century， and both have the same etymological claim； “vodka” and “wódka” are the diminutive forms of “voda” and “woda” respectively， the latter two both meaning “water”， thus the former two “little water”。 It is thought that vodka was initially for medicinal use， for rubbing on the body rather than consumption （the Polish distinguished between “wódka”， originally designating a spirit for this purpose， and “gorzalka”， which was for drinking）。 By the mid 16th century production of vodka intended for drinking in both countries was reaching significant levels； the Russians had imposed a monopoly and were producing enough to export； and in Poland King Jan Olbrecht had passed a law allowing the people to distil spirits， which were being taxed by the end of the century。
All of you know ballet for sure。 It is a very famous dancing which great stars practice。 Not just for the dance itself， but you can look at it as a full－body training。 You have probably already seen it on television or in the movies。
It all started in 1661， this is when the first ever ballet school opened in France。 Surprisingly， as opposed to modern standards， ballet was only practiced and danced by men。 It was only until 20 years later， that women got allowed to practice ballet。
Surprisingly， modern ballet still uses the same techniques as they used then。 It is all about the perfect arm and leg positions as well as continuing to look graceful while doing so。 Most of the ballet combinations still begin with “devant”， “glissade”， “barre”， etc。 To do these positions， the dancers have to “turn out” their legs and feet， this is a rotation of the leg so the knee and foot run outwards。 This allows the dancers to further extend their leg， especially when raising it to the side or rear。
A great way for the dancers to practice is by trains using a “barre”， this is a wooden plint， positioned horizontally about 3 to 45 inches above the ground。 They can use it in a variation of ways。 They can put their leg onto the bar and stretch their legs by hooking their heel over it。
2伏特加的主要原料
Rye 黑麦
Rye is the most common raw material in Poland， and also finds its way into some Russian vodka。 It tends to produce vodka with a nose reminiscent of rye bread， and has a pleasing sweet spiciness on the palate。
Wheat 小麦
Wheat is the most popular grain for vodka in general， and is the grain of choice in Russia。 Wheat vodkas are frequently associated with a clean flavor and an aniseed finish， sometimes with an oily mouth feel。
Potato 马铃薯
It is easy to imagine a spirit made from potatoes being an inferior product， whereas in truth potato vodkas tend to be more expensive than their grain counterparts。 The potatoes used for vodka production have a much higher level of starch than ordinary potatoes， yet the yield is still much lower than any of the other common raw materials， which drive the production costs up。 Potato vodkas tend to have a creamy flavor and texture， with a weighty mouth feel。
Corn 玉米
Corn has the largest yield of the grains and is generally only used in western vodkas。 It is associated with buttery。
Barley 大麦
Barley is the least common of the grains used in vodka， and is usually associated with Finland。 It tends to have a smooth， slightly sweet flavor。
伏特加酒在酒界享有很高的地位，它代表的是一种高贵与权势，但它的口味并不是每个人都能接受。芭蕾舞被称为世界上最美的舞蹈，不仅是因为那舞蹈的编排，而是舞者的飘逸和轻盈深深地吸引着观众。
Key words ＆ Sentences
关键词句全知道
“Ballet” originated in Italy， flourished in France。
“芭蕾”起源于意大利，兴盛于法国。
Ballet performs dramatic plot with music， dance and mime。
芭蕾舞是用音乐﹑舞蹈和哑剧手法来表演戏剧情节。
Ballet shoes produced by Russia’s famous company “Gerry Vuk” are welcomed by more than thirty countries， from Africa to Mexico。
俄罗斯著名的“格里什科”公司生产的芭蕾舞鞋从非洲到墨西哥，在三十多个国家受到欢迎。
In history， the development of ballet has been influenced by two aesthetic points。 One is “pure dancing” while the other is “dramatic dancing”。
在芭蕾发展史上，主要有两种美学观点一直在起作用。一个是纯粹的舞蹈，另外一个是戏剧的舞蹈。
The structure and form of ballet had developed to a high degree of standardization and stylization in the late 19th century， which affects and limits its further development。
19世纪后期，芭蕾的结构形式已经高度规范化和程式化，这也影响和限制了芭蕾的进一步发展。
Among the large number of works of ballet in the 20th century， people try and make new explorations and creations。
在20世纪编导创作的大量芭蕾作品中，人们不断尝试新的探索和创造。
Wheat vodka tastes more soft and smooth。
小麦伏特加口感通常更加柔软和平滑。
The best－quality vodka is usually distilled several times and filtered through to remove impurities in it。
品质最好的伏特加通常都经过多次蒸馏和过滤来去除酒中的杂质。
At the beginning of World War II， the production technology of vodka spread from Russia to the United States， which enabled the latter to become a large vodka producer。
在第二次世界大战开始时，俄罗斯制造伏特加酒的技术传到了美国，使美国也一跃成为生产伏特加酒的大国之一。
Bereginka， Martini and Grey Goose are the most famous and luxury brands in the world of Vodka。
波尔金卡、马提尼、灰雁伏是世界上最出名也是最奢华的伏特加酒品牌。
Russia is the main vodka－producing country， but countries like Germany， Finland， Poland， the United States and Japan are also able to brew high－quality vodka。
俄罗斯是生产伏特加酒的主要国家，但德国、芬兰、波兰、美国、日本等国也都能酿制优质的伏特加酒。
Vodka is the base wine without any artificial additives， flavoring， seasoning and is also the originator of the world’s major flavoring cocktails and wine。
伏特加是没有经过任何人工添加、调香、调味的基酒，也是世界各大调味鸡尾酒的鼻祖和必用酒。
Vodka is the most flexible， adaptable and flexible wine in the world。
伏特加酒是最具有灵活性、适应性和变通性的一种酒。
Let’s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Betty： How do you think of tonight’s ballet show？
贝蒂：你觉得今晚的芭蕾舞演出怎么样？
Sam： Great， very beautiful dance。
山姆：我觉得太棒了，很优美的舞蹈。
Betty： Ballet is also called the Swan dance。 Dancers are moving around like a swan， elegant and light。
贝蒂：芭蕾舞也叫天鹅舞，像一只翩翩起舞的天鹅，优雅轻盈。
Sam： Right， they wore beautiful clothes， too。 I saw them support their bodies just with a toe， it must be very hard。
山姆：对啊，他们穿的衣服也很漂亮，我看到他们是用脚尖来支撑身体，那一定很辛苦吧。
Betty： Of course， but this is where its charm lies， creating a version of flying。
贝蒂：当然了，不过这就是它的艺术魅力的所在啊，有一种飞舞的感觉。
Sam： Why are the shoes pink？
山姆：那个舞鞋为什么都是粉红色的呢？
Betty： Pink will not stimulate the audience’s eyes， and also help ease tension of the performers。
贝蒂：粉红色不会刺激观众的眼睛，也有助于缓解表演者的紧张。
Sam： Do they have to go on a diet？