3. ubstantive law （实体法） ： Substantive law is the statutory or written law that governs ights and obligations of those who are subject to it. Substantive law defines the legal elationship of people with other people or between them and the states. Substantive law tands in contrast to procedural law， which comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil or criminal proceedings. Procedural law deals with the method and means by which substantive law is made and administered.
4. ustomary law （习惯法） ： In law， custom can be described as theestablished patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of“what has always been done and accepted by law”. Generally， customary law exists where：①a certain legal practice is observed， and②the relevant actors consider it to be law.
5. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties （《维也纳条约法公约》） ： The Vienna onvention on the Law of Treaties （ or VCLT ） is a treaty concerning the customary nternational law on treaties between states. It was adopted on 22 May 1969 and opened or signature on 23 May 1969. The Convention entered into force on 27 January 1980. he VCLT has been ratified by 109 states as of May 2009； those that have not ratified it et may still recognize it as binding upon them in as much as it is a restatement of ustomary law.
6. Charter of the United Nations （《联合国宪章》） ： The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International rganization， held between April and July 1945. TheCharter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June （ Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st“original”signatory） ， and was formally ratified shortly after thewar on24 October 1945. Thefiveleading allied nations， namely China， France， the former Soviet Union， the United Kingdom， and the United States met repeatedly during thewar， such as at the1944 conferenceat Dumbarton Oaks where the formation and permanent seats of the United Nations Security Council were decided. The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946.
7. nternational Court of Justice （国际法院） ： The International Court of Justice （ ICJ） ， ocated in Hague， Netherlands， is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. stablished in 1945 by the United Nations Charter， the Court began work in 1946 as the uccessor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International ourt of Justice， similar to that of its predecessor， is the main constitutional document onstituting and regulating the Court.
I Reading comprehension.
1.hat is“International Law”？
2. What does“Public International Law”mainly deal with？
3. What does“Private International Law”mainly deal with？
4. What are the primary sources of international law？
5. Where does conventional international law derive from？
6. Why is a State of the United States not a“state”under international law？
7. What are the declared purposes of United Nations？
IIFill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
maintain satisfy adhered complaint
acquiescedimposesobligatedrespect
International law （ 1）upon the nations certain duties with （ 2）to individuals. It is a violation of international law to treat an alien in a manner which does not（ 3）the international standard of justice. However， in the absence of a specific agreement an individual cannot bring the （ 4）. Only the state of which he is a national can complain of such a violation before an international tribunal. The state of nationality usually is not （ 5）to exercise this right and can decide whether to enforce it.
The United Nations， the most influential among international organizations， was created on June26， 1945. Thedeclared purposes of United Nations are to （ 6）peace and security， to develop friendly relations among nations， to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems， and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of the nations and attaining their common ends. TheCharter of theUnited Nations has been （ 7） to by virtually all states. Even the few remaining non-member states have （ 8）in the principles it established. The International Court of Justice is established by the UN Charter as its principal judicial organ.
III Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree， international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals， an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement. Public international law has increased in use and importance vastly over the 20th century， due to theincrease in global trade， armed conflict， environmental deterioration on a worldwide scale， awareness of human rights violations， rapid and vast increases in international transportation and a boomin global communications.
IV Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
在对国家法律的确切含义和应用有争议的情况下，法院有责任解释法律。在国际法中，法律的解释属于“主角”的权利范围，但是在符合条约规定或者当事人同意的情况下，也可以赋予司法机构（如国际法院）解释法律的权力。通常情况下，解释自身的法律是各个国家自己的责任，但是外交过程及超国家司法机构的日常运作经常提供援助以实现这一目标。
V Oral work.
Can you distinguish the public international law from the private international law after reading the passage？ What are the differences between them？
Monism and Dualismin International Law
The terms monism and dualism are used to describe two different theories of the relationship between international law and national law.