5. A duty can arise through contract， a voluntary undertaking， a blood relation with whom one lives， and occasionally through ones official position. Duty also can arisefromones own creation of a dangerous situation.
6. Causation may bebroken by an intervening actof a thirdparty， thevictims own conduct， or another unpredictable event.
7. It means an intention to commit some wrongful act.
8. Because the nature of the injury often determines the offense.
II. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） public authority （ 2） each other （ 3） definitions （ 4） prosecution
（ 5） convictions（ 6） deterrence（ 7） containm ent and management （ 8） restitution
III. Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
你被逮捕了。在我们向你进行任何询问之前，你必须了解你有哪些权利。
你有权保持沉默。你在任何时候都不必向我们说任何话，或者回答任何问题。你所说的任何话都可能在法庭上被用作对你不利的证据。
你有权在接受讯问之前咨询律师，有权在接受讯问时有律师在场。
如果你请不起律师， （政府）为你提供一名律师。
如果现在，你想在没有律师在场的情况下回答讯问，你有权在任何时候停止回答。你还有权在接受律师咨询之前的任何时候停止回答讯问。
IV. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
Actus reus （ guilty act） means the action committed by the accused that give rises to the legal prosecution. The actus reus is the material element of the crime. This element may be the commission of an action that is forbidden （ for instance， assaultand battery） ， or it may be the failure to perform an action that is required （ for instance， a person s refusal to stop and render aid to a motor vehicle accident victim） .
V. Exploring question.
Omitted.
Lesson5
I. Reading comprehension.
1.orts may be categorized in a number of ways. For example， onesuch is to divide them into Negligence Torts， and Intentional Torts.
2. Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another.
3. The elements of negligence are： duty of care； breach of that duty； breach being a proximateor not too remote a cause， in law； breach causing harm in fact.
4. An intentional tort is a category of torts that describes a civil wrong resulting from an intentional act on the part of the tortfeasor.
5. The key difference between intentional torts and negligence torts is that the plaintiff must provethe additional element that the defendant acted with the specific intent or mental state of intentionally performing the act which was the proximate cause of the plaintiff s injuries.
6. A plaintiff attempting to prove that a defendant committed the intentional tort of battery must fulfill several factors：①intent；②an act；③cause； and④harmful or offensive contact.
7. Common law intentional torts include： assault， battery， conversion， false imprisonment， trespass to land， trespass to chattels （ personal property） ， intentional infliction of emotional distress.
8. The main remedy against tortious loss is compensation in“damages”or money.
II. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） interference （ 2） submerged （ 3） unifying （ 4） liability
（ 5） affinity（ 6） plaintiff（ 7） interest（ 8） criminal
III. Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
总的来说，通常所认为的故意侵权和过失侵权并无区别。法院并不考虑不同类型精神病的影响、被告对特定行为的理解能力，以及其作出合理判断的能力。法院也不考虑其能力程度的影响，尽管有时认为精神病人因为不具备恶意这一要件而对某些侵权行为不应负法律责任。
IV. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
Everyone is liable for his tortact， in limited formalso children （ however， parents only when they acted as the child s agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise） ， but not the state unless express statutory provision has abolished state immunity .
V. Discussion.
Omitted.
Lesson6
I. Reading Comprehension.
1.contract is an exchange of promises for the breach of which the law will provide a remedy.
2. Agreement is said to be reached when an offer capable of immediate acceptance is met with a“mirror image”acceptance.
3. The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be trifling， indeterminate， impossible or illegal.
4. It is usually translated“pacts must be kept”， but more literally“agreements are to be kept”.
5. Contracts can be madeorally， such as purchasing a book or a sandwich.
6. The primacy of discussion of common law principles in writing about contract may derive from the primacy of thesesystems in international business.
7. Common law jurisdictions usually offer proceedings in the English language， which has become to an extent the lingua franca of international business.
8. Yes， the common law retains a high degree of freedom of contract， with parties largely free to set their own terms.
9. England &； Wales and New Y ork.
II. Phrase translation from Chinese into English.
1. French Civil Code 2. choice of law 3. legal capacity
4. lingua franca5. law jurisdiction6. breach of contract
III. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） contracts （ 2） parties （ 3） benefit （ 4） consideration
（ 5） binding（ 6） inadequate（ 7） contrary（ 8） meaningless
IV. Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
当提出的要约能够得到即时的完全接受时就称为达成协议。双方必须具备必要的能力来协商，并且这份合同不能琐碎、含糊、不可操作或甚至非法。合同法是基于拉丁的一句谚语pacta sunt servanda，通常被译为“契约必须保持”，字面意思就是“协议被遵守”。违约行为是通过法律约束的，而补救方法也通过法律提供。有时书面协议是必要的，比如买房时。而大多数协议可以通过口头方式拟定，比如买书、买三明治的时候。一般根据民法体系，合同法可被界定为关于义务的基本法（包括对侵权行为、不当得利或赔偿的规定）。
V. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
According to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond， a contract is“an agreement creating and defining the obligations between two or more parties”. As a means of economic ordering， contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic， sociological and anthropological terms. However， contract is a form of economic ordering common throughout the world， and different rules apply in jurisdictions applying civil law （ derived from Roman law principles） ， Islamic law， socialist legal systems， and customary or local law.
VI. Oral work.
Omitted.
Lesson7
I. Reading comprehension.