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第13章 The Story of Thanksgiving Day 感恩节的故事(2)

现在,几乎每家感恩节餐桌上都有番瓜馅饼——感恩节的另一种主食。但在当年的第一次庆典上却不可能有这种食品。因为面粉奇缺,所以面包、馅饼、糕点等食物都没有。但他们却吃了煮番瓜,并用收获的玉米制成了一种油炸面包。

当时也没有牛奶、苹果酒、土豆和黄油。没有驯养的奶牛,自然没有牛奶;而新发现的土豆被很多欧洲人认为是有毒的。第一次庆典上有鱼、草莓、豆瓣菜、龙虾、干果、蛤、鹿肉、李子等。

紧接着的第二年(1622)却没有举行“感恩”庆典。到了1623年,发生了一场严重的旱灾,朝圣者们聚集到一起,举行了虔诚的祈雨仪式,刚好在第二天,一场充沛的大雨从天而降。

When a long, steadysteady adj.稳固的, 稳定的, 坚定的, 扎实的 rain followed the very next day, Governor Bradford proclaimedproclaim vt.宣布, 声明, 显示, 显露 another day of Thanksgiving, again inviting their Indian friends. It wasnt until June of 1676 that another Day of Thanksgiving was proclaimed.

On June 20, 1676, the governing council of Charlestown, Massachusetts, held a meeting to determine how best to express thanks for the good fortune that had seen their community securely establishedestablished adj.已制定的, 确定的. By unanimous vote they instructed Edward Rawson, the clerk, to proclaim June 29 as a day of thanksgiving.

It is notable that this thanksgiving celebration probably did not include the Indians, as the celebration was meant partly to be in recognitionrecognition n.赞誉, 承认, 重视, 公认, 赏识 识别 of the colonists recent victory over the “heathen natives”.

威廉布雷德福总督宣布再次庆祝感恩节,并再次邀请了他们的印第安朋友。之后数年无感恩节,直到1676年6月,感恩节才再次被提出。

1676年6月20日,马萨诸塞州的查尔斯顿政府委员会召开了一次会议,讨论如何才能最好表达对主的谢意:主赐予他们好运,庇佑他们安全地建立了他们的邦联。经过意见不统一的投票,由书记爱德华·劳森宣布6月29日为当年的感恩节。

值得注意的是,因此次庆典在一定程度上是殖民者对战胜“野蛮的土著人”的庆祝,故印第安人极有可能未参加此次庆典。

October of 1777 marked the first time that all 13 colonies joined in a thanksgiving celebration. It also commemoratedcommemorate vt.纪念 the patriotic victory over the British at Saratoga. But it was a onetime affair.

George Washington proclaimedproclaim vt.宣布, 声明, 显示, 显露 a National Day of Thanksgiving in 1789, although some were opposedopposed adj.反对的, 敌对的 to it. There was discord among the colonies, many feeling the hardships of a few Pilgrims did not warrant a national holiday. And later, President Thomas Jefferson scoffed at the idea of having a day of thanksgiving.

It was Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, whose efforts eventually led to what we recognize as Thanksgiving. Hale wrote many editorials champio0ningchampion vt.拥护,支持 n.冠军,拥护者,战士 her cause in her Boston Ladies Magazine, and later, in Godeys Ladys Book.

1777年10月,13个殖民地第一次联合举办了感恩节庆典,这也是对萨拉托加一役中战胜英国人所取得的爱国主义的胜利的纪念。但只举行了这一年。

1789年,尽管出现反对的呼声,华盛顿总统还是宣布感恩节为全国性节日。在殖民地中也存在意见的分歧,不少人认为,仅仅一小撮朝圣者所经历的那些艰难困苦并不值得用一个全国节日来纪念。之后,杰弗逊总统还对这件事嗤之以鼻。

若没有萨拉·J.黑尔——一位杂志编辑的努力,最终就不会有我们现在所谓的感恩节。在她主编的“波士顿妇女杂志”及稍后的“Godeys 女士手册”中,她撰写了大量的社论,支持将感恩节定为全国性节日。

Finally, after a 40year campaigncampaign n.[军]战役, (政治或商业性)活动, 运动 of writing editorials and letters to governors and presidents, Hales obsessionobsession n.迷住, 困扰 became a reality when, in 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November as a national day of Thanksgiving.

Thanksgiving was proclaimed by every president after Lincoln. The date was changed a couple of times, most recently by Franklin Roosevelt, who set it up one week to the nexttolast Thursday in order to create a longer Christmas shopping season. Public uproaruproar n.喧嚣, 骚动 against this decision caused the president to move Thanksgiving back to its original date two years later. And in 1941, Thanksgiving was finally sanctionedsanction v.批准, 同意, 支持, 鼓励, 认可 by Congress as a legallegal adj.法律的, 法定的, 合法 holiday, as the fourth Thursday in November.

40年中,她坚持不懈地发表评论,不断致信州长乃至总统,最后,理想终于变为现实:1863年,林肯总统发表声明,将11月的最后一个星期四定为感恩节——一个全国性的节日。

从此历届总统都按此行事。但具体时间也发生过几次变化。最近的一次是富兰克林·罗斯福总统宣布的。为开创一个更长的圣诞购物季节,罗斯福总统宣布将感恩节日期改在11月的倒数第二个星期四,即提前了一个星期。但公众反对呼声太高,两年后,总统不得不将感恩节日期改回到原来的时间。1941年,美国国会最终通过决议,将感恩节定为美国法定假日,时间是每年11月的最后一个星期四。

感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日,也是美国人合家欢聚的节日,因此美国人提起感恩节总是倍感亲切。多少年来,庆祝感恩节的习俗代代相传,无论在岩石嶙峋的西海岸还是在风光旖旎的夏威夷,人们几乎在以同样的方式欢度感恩节,感恩节是不论何种信仰、何种民族的美国人都庆祝的传统节日。