书城外语英语PARTY——多元时空
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第10章 多元文化(3)

The imperative for Singapore to maintain its preeminence as an international trading and financial centre.

新加坡:21世纪的新威尼斯

从我到威尼斯游览和从有关的阅读中,我得到了哪些对新加坡是大有用处的启示呢?

第一,威尼斯获得成功的要素是国民团结一致。威尼斯人是上下一条心的,而与它为敌的城市,比如热内亚,则是四分五裂。

第二,威尼斯人有良好的政府。政府的中枢机关构成一个金字塔,底层是国民大会,而总督是居于顶端。夹在中间的是大议会、40人议会和元老院、以及总督议会。总督是由一个贤人组成的提名委员会选出来的。着名威尼斯史学家弗德里克·连评说:“对个人权力的不信任使威尼斯人要依靠各种委员会与议会。甚至在司法系统里,判决不是单单由一名法官所发下来的,而是由好几个法官共同决定。每个委员会或议会是由另外一些委员会或议会加以牵制,从而保证能以法治为国本,即使赔上失去一点行政效率的代价。”因此,虽说威尼斯共和国不是民主政体,威尼斯人却享有良好的治绩。

第三,威尼斯得以繁荣,是因为它利用海上势力来推行海上航行的自由。自由通航对于海上贸易是至关重要的。即使在今天,世界贸易中有绝大部分仍是靠海运。不过,跟从前不同,世界贸易中占有额日益增加的是空运。而且电子商业已成为事实,并预料会以倍数增长。新加坡因此必须支持海上、空中以至于网际网络上能自由通行。

第四,威尼斯是贸易兼金融中心。在14世纪,威尼斯在欧洲带头发起了一场商业革命。客居外乡的代理商取代了过州撞府的行商的位置。某个兄弟辈住在威尼斯而其他人等则住在国外的家族合营方法变得普遍。非家族式的合伙生意、联营企业、帐目收支用复式系统记录、提货单、汇票和航海保险等一一衍生,以方便贸易的进行。

横跨多个世纪,威尼斯是一个把欧洲跟土耳其、阿拉伯世界和东方串连起来的贸易中心。威尼斯也是资金的来源,以资助贸易、十字军远征和欧洲形形色色的国王与王侯。银行业在12世纪于威尼斯发展开来。直到教会组织严禁发放高利贷前,威尼斯的放贷者惯于对有可靠抵押的债款征收20%利息。禁令开始后,威尼斯发展出它所谓的合法营利标准。就如我们今天一样,它把由市场状况来决定回收率这一个还债方法,核定为不属于放高利贷。

第五,我对威尼斯领袖、海军将领、外交家、造船者、玻璃吹制工以及其他工匠能够胜任有余和具专业水平的名声印象深刻。威尼斯人在战争与和平中都是出类拔萃的。威尼斯领袖与国民的才华及能力是这个城邦得以成功的其中一个要素。这一道明训是宜古宜今的。它对今时今日的新加坡以至于21世纪的新加坡是一样地适用。

总的来说,我从古代威尼斯学来、对新加坡很适用的五道启示是:

一、举国团结的重要性;

二、良好政府所扮演的关键角色;

三、一个国家的命运最终有赖于其人民和其领袖的素质这个事实;

四、在海上并由此引伸出在空中和在网际网络上自由通行的价值;

五、新加坡保持国际贸易与金融中心的卓越地位是绝对必要的。

古代威尼斯给新加坡的五道启示:

举国团结的重要性;

良好政府所扮演的关键角色;

一个国家的命运最终有赖于其人民和其领袖的素质这个事实;

在海上并由此引伸出在空中和在网际网络上自由通行的价值;

新加坡保持国际贸易与金融中心的卓越地位是绝对必要的。

The Story of Sushi

Inside a Japanese sushi bar, a long train of plates passes before the eyes of customers. The elegant and colorful arrangements are a feast for the eyes, just as the sushi is a delight to the taste buds. While enjoying the wide variety of seafood creations, customers may wonder how this delicious treat ever came to be.

It took centuries of Japanese innovation to turn Asia,s staple foods - rice and fish - into Japan,s national cuisine. Prior to the days of refrigerators and sushi bars, fresh fish were wrapped in cooked rice and pressed between rocks insgroupsto ferment them. This process preserved the fish, but required many months and made the rice wrappings inedible.

Long waits and wasted rice were unacceptable to the Japanese, who began wrapping their fish in vinegarsoaked rice. Adding vinegar improved flavor and greatly reduced the time needed for fermentation. Best of all, the new process didn,t spoil the rice wrappings, which meant they could be eaten with the fish: Sushi was born!

寿司物语

在一家日式寿司店里,一列长长的餐盘小火车从顾客眼前驶过。高雅而生动的排列方式是视觉上的一大盛宴,正如寿司赋予味蕾愉悦的口感一样。在品尝各式有创意的海鲜料理的同时,顾客们也许想知道:这样的美食是怎么来的。

日本人花了数百年才将亚洲人的主食——米饭跟鱼——改革成具有日本民族特色的美食。在冰箱与寿司店问世前,人们将新鲜的鱼肉包在煮好的米饭中、压在石头堆里,以使鱼肉发酵。这样加工保存了鱼肉的鲜度,但得花费好几个月的时间,而且使得包在外层的米饭无法食用。

由于日本人受不了长时间的等待和浪费米饭,他们开始用泡过醋的米饭包裹鱼肉。加入醋汁不仅能提味,还可以大大减少发酵所需的时间。最重要的是,新方法令包在外层的米饭不会变质,这表示米饭和鱼肉可以一起食用:寿司就这样诞生了!

Playing Dress up for Hallowmas

It,s months until Halloween, yet some people are already playing dressup. These diehard fans of anime and manga aren,t putting on their costumes for treats, though, but for the fun of a hobby called cosplay. Cosplay - short for“costume play”- originated in Japan as a unique way for young people to express their appreciation of their favorite anime characters. From Tokyo to Tacoma, cosplayers strut their stuff at roleplaying parties, cosplay shows and anime conventions.

Acting out a character,s nature is part of the fun of cosplay. American cosplayers tend to display their character,s personality only while on stage or during skits, but Japanese cosplayers are more outgoing. Normally shy Japanese girls take on the attitudes of sexy, powerful stars, and reserved boys become demigods and immortals. Cosplayers love this aspect of their hobby most: The freedom to escape their everyday selves when they put on their oneofakind costumes.

动漫迷的角色扮演,万圣节化妆大会

距离万圣节还有好几个月,可一些人已经在大玩化妆游戏了。这些忠心的动漫迷穿上他们的服装不是为了讨要糖果,而是享受一种叫“角色扮演”的爱好所带来的乐趣。角色扮演是“穿着奇特服装进行扮演”这一活动的简称,它起源于日本,是年轻人对自己喜爱的动画角色表示欣赏的一种独特方式。从东京到塔科马市,各地的扮演者纷纷在角色扮演派对、角色扮演秀以及动漫大会中炫耀自己的装备。

表现动漫人物的本性是角色扮演的乐趣之一。在美国,扮演者通常只在舞台或短剧里展现人物的个性,不过日本的扮演者就更开放。平时害羞的日本女孩会模仿性感女星魅力四射的姿态,而内向的男孩也变成了英雄与天神。角色扮演者们对这个爱好最喜欢的方面就是:当他们换上独一无二的装扮时,他们就能摆脱平日的自我,无拘无束了。

Seeing Red at San Fermin

First, imagine yourself, along with thousands of others, running for your life towards a bullring 852 meters ahead! You hear the heavy breath of 600kilogram bulls running alongside you and feel their raw power and strange beauty. You are part of a noisy crowd, experiencing something that is more like a dream than reality.

Although all this might seem like a scene from a Hollywood action movie, it,s not. It describes what has become known“as the running of the bulls,”the most famous part of the Spanish festival known as San Fermin.

Held every July for nine days in the ancient city of Pamplona, the San Fermin Festival draws hundreds of thousands to what is considered“the biggest party in Europe.”Yet the origins of this popular festival reflect ancient and local traditions. As such, the festival is a celebration of Spain,s ninecenturyold obsession with bullfighting and death itself.

燃烧的生命:西班牙奔牛节上的狂欢

首先,想像一下你跟着数以千计的人,奔向前方852米外的斗牛场!重达600公斤的公牛在你身旁奔驰,你可以听到它们浓重的鼻息,感受到它们的蛮力与奇特的美。你置身于嘈杂的人群之中,体验到某种更像是梦境,而非现实中的场景。

虽然,这可能像是一部好莱坞动作片,但事实却并非如此。以上的描述是着名的“奔牛”,是被称为“圣佛明”的西班牙庆典中最着名的活动。

每年7月连续9天,在旁普罗纳这座古城,圣佛明节吸引了上万人来此,参与这被认为是“欧洲最大聚会”的庆典。不过这广受欢迎的节日却反映出当地古老的传统。其实,这个节日也是庆祝西班牙9个世纪以来对斗牛和死亡的着迷。

The Gap in Educations of America

Several days days ago I read a column by American ESLspecialist Doris Partan, who, on the basis of the results from a recent UNICEF study comparing educational inequality in the 24 nations of the OECD, lamented the state of American public schooling. Her analysis of the contrast between US suburban schools, usually good, and urban schools, typically bad, struck me as fair, but I must take exception to some of the assertions in her article.