现在,为充分说明友谊的这第二种功用起见,我们再一谈那个显而易见的、流俗之人也可以注意到的那一点,就是朋友的忠言。赫拉克里塔斯在他的隐语之一中说得很好,“干光永远最佳”。一个人从另一个人的诤言中所得来的光明比从他自己的理解力,判断力中所出的光明更是干净纯粹,这是无疑的:一个人从自己的理解力与判断力中得来的那种光明总不免是受他的感情和习惯底浸润影响的。因此,在朋友所给的诤言与自己所作的主张之间其差别有如良友的诤言与谄佞的建议之间的差别一样。因为谄谀我者无过于我;而防御自谄自谀之术更无有能及朋友之直言者也。诤言共有两种:一是关于行为的,一是关于事业的。说到第一种,最能保人心神之健康的预防药就是朋友的忠言规谏。一个人的严厉自责是一种有时过于猛烈,蚀力过强的药品。读劝善的好书不免沉闷无味。在别人身上观察自己的错误有时与自己的情形不符。最好的药方(最有效并且最易服用的)就是朋友的劝谏。许多人(尤其是伟大的人们)因为没有朋友向他们进忠告的缘故,做出大谬极误的事来,以致他们的名声和境遇均大受损失,这种情形看起来是很可惊异的。这些人是,有如圣雅各所说,“有时看看镜子,而不久就会忘了自己的形貌的”。讲到事业方面,一个人也许以为两只眼所见的并不多于一只眼所见的;或者以为局中人之所见总较旁观者之所见为多;或者以为一个在发怒中的人和一个默数过二十四个字母的人一般地聪明;或者以为一枝旧式毛瑟枪,托在臂上放和托在架上放一样地得力;他可以有许多类似的愚蠢骄傲的妄想,以为自己一身就很够了。然而能使事业趋于正轨者还数忠言。又,假如有人想采纳别人的忠告,而愿意零碎采纳,在某一件事上问某一人,在另一件事上问另一人,这样的办法也好(这就是说,总比他全不问人的或者好一点);可是他冒着两种危险;一是他将得不到忠实的进言;因为所进的言论必须是来自一位完全诚心的朋友的才好,否则鲜有不被歪屈而倾向于进言人之私利者也。另一种危险是他所得的进言,将为一种有害而不安全的言论(虽然用意是好的)一半是招致祸患的而一半是救济或预防祸患的;有如你生病请医,而这位医生是虽被认为善治你所患的病症,却是不熟悉你的体质的;因此他也许会使你目前的疾病可以痊愈而将危害你健康的另一方面;结果是治了病症而杀了病人。一个完全通晓你的事业境遇的朋友则不然,他将小心注意,以免因为推进你目前的某种事业而使你在别的方面突受打击。所以最好不要依靠零零碎碎的忠告;它们扰乱和误引的可能多于安定和指导的可能也。
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在友谊的这两种高贵的功效(心情上的平和与理智上的扶助)之后还有那最末的一种功效:这种功效有如石榴之多核。这句话的意思就是朋友对于一个人的各种行为,各种需要,都有所帮助,有所参加也。在这一点上,若要把友谊的多种用途很显明生动地表现出来,最好的方法是计算一下,看看一个人有多少事情是不能靠自己去办理的:这样计算一下之后,我们就可以看得出古人所谓“朋友者另一己身也”的那句话是一句与事实相较还很不够的话;因为一个朋友比较一个人的己身用处还要大得多。人的生命有限,有许多人在没有达到最大的心愿——如子女的婚事,工作之完成,等等——之前就死了。要是一个人有了一位真心的朋友,那么他就大可安心,知道这些事件在他死后还是有人照料的。如此,一个人在完成心愿上简直是有两条性命了。一个人有一个身体,而这个身体是限于一个地方的;但是假如他有朋友,那么所有的人生大事都可算是有人办理了。就是他自己不能去的地方,他的朋友也可以代表他的。还有,有多少事是一个人为了颜面的关系,不能自己说或办的!一个人不能自承有功而免矜夸之嫌,更不用说是不能表扬自己的功绩了;他有时也不能低首下心地去有所恳求;诸如此类的事很多。但是这一切的事,在一个人自己的嘴里说出来未免赧颜的,在朋友嘴里说出来却是很好。类此,一个人还有许多身份上的关系,是他不能弃置不顾的。例如,一个人对儿子讲话,就不能不保持父亲的身份;对妻子讲话就不能不保持丈夫的身份;对仇敌讲话就不能不顾虑自己的体面:但是一个朋友却可以就事论事,而不必顾虑到人的方面。这一类的事情要一一列举出来是说不完的;要之,一个人若是有某种事自己不能很得体地去做时,我对他有一条规则可说,就是,他如果没有朋友的话,那么他只有“下台”之法。
The Roman Peace
Aelius Aristides
If one considers the vast extent of your empireempire n.帝国, 帝权 he must be amazed that so small a fraction of it rules the world, but when he beholds the city and its spaciousness it is not astonishing that all the habitablehabitable adj.可居住的 world is ruled by such a capital...Your possessions equal the sun,s course ...You do not rule within fixedboundaries, nor can anyone dictate the limits of your sway ...
Whatever any people produces can be found here, at all times and in abundance ...Egypt, Sicily, and the civilized part of Africa are your farms; ships are continually coming and going ...
Vast as it is, your empire is more remarkable for its thoroughness than its scope: there are no dissidentdissident n.持不同政见者or rebelliousrebellious adj.造反的, 反叛的, 反抗的, 难于对付的 enclavesenclave n.被包围的领土 ...The whole world prays in unison that your empire may endure forever.
Governors sent out to cities and peoples each rule their charges, but in their relations to each other they are equally subjects.The principal difference between governors and their charges is this - they demonstratedemonstrate vt.示范, 证明, 论证 vi.示威the proper way to be a subject.So great is their reverence for the great Ruler [the emperor], who administers all things.Him they believe to know their business better than they themselves do, and hence they respect and heed him more than one would a master overseeing a task and giving orders.No one is so selfassured that he can remain unmoved upon hearing the emperor,s name; he rises in prayer and adorationadorationn.崇拜, 爱慕, 受崇拜(或爱慕)的对象 and utters a twofold prayer - to the gods for the ruler, and to the ruler for himself.Andif the governors are in the least doubt concerning the justice of claims or suits of the governed, public or private, they send to the Ruler for instructions at once and await his reply, as a chorus awaits its trainer,s directions.Hencethe ruler need not exhaust himself by traveling to various parts to settle matters in person.It is easy for him to abide in his place and manage the world through letters; these arrive almost as soon as written, as if borne on wings.
But the most notable and praiseworthypraiseworthy adj.值得称颂的 feature of all, a thing unparalleled, is your magnanimous conception of citizenship.All of your subjects (and this implies the whole world) you have divided into two parts: the better endowed and morevirile, wherever they may be, you have granted citizenship and even kinship; therest you govern as obedient subjects.Neither the seas nor expanse of land barscitizenship; Asia and Europe are not differentiateddifferentiate v.区别, 区分.Careers are open to talent...Rich and poor find contentment and profit in your system; there is no other way of life.Your polity is a single and allembracing harmony ...
You alone are, so to speak, natural rulers.Your predecessors were masters and slaves in turn; as rulers they were counterfeits, and reversed their positions like players in a ball game...You have measured out the world, bridged rivers, cut roads through mountains, filled the wastes with posting stations, introduced orderly and refined modes of life ...
Be all gods and their offspringoffspring n.(单复数同形)儿女, 子孙, 后代, 产物 invoked to grant that this empire and this cityflourish forever and never cease until stones float upon the sea and trees forbear to sprout in the springtide.May the great Ruler and his sons be preserved toadminister all things well.
罗马的和平
[古罗马]阿里斯蒂德斯
考虑到你的帝国幅员之辽阔,任何人都会惊讶不已:如此弹丸之地居然统治着全世界。然而,只要他目睹这座气势恢弘的城市,世间人迹所至之处之所以受制于此一都城,也就不足为怪了。普天之下,莫非王土。你的统治并不囿于固定的疆域,也没有任何人能够约束你的权力。……在这里,一年四季,世间物产应有尽有,源源不竭。埃及、西西里以及非洲的开化地带都是你的农场;船舶往来,川流不息……你的帝国固然广袤无边,而更值得称道的不是它的疆域,而是它的稳固:这里没有任何叛逆的飞地。……全世界同声祈祷:愿你的帝国万古长存。
派往各城市和民族区域的总督们治理着各自辖区的人民,但就其相互关系而言,他们不过是平等的臣民。总督与其辖区人民之间的首要区别在于:前者模范地履行臣民的职责。他们对统率天下的伟大君主[即罗马皇帝]无限崇拜,相信他比他们自己更了解他们的事务,因而他们对他的景仰之情绝非人们对一个发号施令的主人的尊崇可以比拟。没有人会如此自命不凡,听到皇帝的名字居然能无动于衷;他定会肃然起敬,连声祈祷,一面祈求神灵保佑君主,一面祈求君主保佑自己。假如总督对其辖区官民申诉的合理性有任何的疑虑,他们便立刻向君主请示,然后像合唱团等待教练的指令一样等待他的批复。这样,君主便无须因事必躬亲而疲于四处奔波。通过信函,他足不出宫便可轻易治理天下;这些信函几乎朝发夕至,仿佛插上了飞翔的翅膀。