11.When the frog sees a fly which it wants to catch,it thrusts①out its tongue till the sticky pad touches the insect,which is then drawn into the frog‘s mouth.The red tongue is thrust out and pulled back so quickly that you can hardly see it move.
12.Have you ever noticed that the frog is always swallowing something?What he swallows is air;and this is the only way in which the air gets to his lungs.Frogs breathe very slowly,and do not take into their bodies so much air in proportion to their size as we do.For this reason the frog’s blood is cold,while our blood is warm.
13.Frogs do not eat plants,so they do no harm in a garden.But they do a great deal of good in such a place;for they feed on insects and slugs,and other small animals which do eat plants.
14.Frogs are most often seen in damp and wet weather,for then they come out of their hiding-places to enjoy the moisture②.They like water because it helps to keep their skin moist.If their skingets dry,they soon die.Never hurt the poor frogs,for they do no harm but much good.When you hear them calling “Croak,croak,”to each other in the ponds,do not throw stones at them.
SUMMARY
The tadpole comes from the eggs of the frog.It has a large,round,black head and flat tail.It swims in the water,breathes by gills like a fish,and feeds on small plants.It changes much during the three months it lives in the water.Then it leaves the pond and lives in the damp grass.Its tail and gills have disappeared,and it is a frog.The frog has a stumpy body,a short neck,and a three-cornered head.The hind feet are webbed,and each has five toes.The front feet are not webbed,and have only four toes each.The frog has no ribs.
①Thrusts,shoots;pushes out quickly.
②Moisture,dampness.
Its eyes are large,and each has two eyelids.Its tongue has at its tip a stickypad,which enables the animal to catch flies and other insects.
【中文阅读】
1.喜欢在乡村漫步并且善于观察的孩子们一定在早春时分看到过这样的场景:路边的池塘中经常会漂浮着一小块一小块的胶状物体。这些胶状物质由大量的青蛙卵,叫做“卵块”组成。仔细观察,就会发现这中间有很多黑色斑点,每一个斑点就是青蛙卵的核心部分①。
2.一个月之后再回到池塘,这些卵已经不见了,因为它们全部破裂开来,从中钻出了一种名叫蝌蚪的小动物。蝌蚪的样子非常有趣:体长一英寸左右,脑袋又大又圆,尾巴却是侧偏的。它们通过摆动尾巴在水中游走,除此之外,它们和鱼还有很多类似之处。
3.蝌蚪脑袋的两侧分别长有一个粉红色的小鳃。通过这个器官,蝌蚪便能够像鱼那样呼吸溶于水中的空气。它们离开了水,很快就会死去,因为它们无法和人类一样呼吸空气。每只蝌蚪的嘴巴里都长有细小的牙齿,用来刮食植物。
4.蝌蚪在水中生活三个月的时间,这期间,它们的身体能够发生很多有趣的变化。鳃逐渐被覆盖起来,身体内部长出了肺,用于进行呼吸。蝌蚪的尾巴变得更短,而旁边则长出两条小腿。很快,头部附近也会出现这样的两条腿②。5.现在,蝌蚪能够爬行了,而且可以像人类一样进行呼吸。因此,它们会离开池塘,进入到潮湿的草地中生活。它的尾巴会变得更短,然后便消失不见了。这时,它不再是蝌蚪,而是发育成为幼年青蛙③。
6.大家肯定都在夏季傍晚时候的路边湿草地里,看到过一蹦一跳的青蛙。它们不会对我们造成任何威胁,因此你不必害怕,可以拿起来放在手中仔细观察。然而,如果你真的这样做,请不要弄伤它。
7.你可以看到它矮胖、粗短的身体,短短的脖子以及三角形的脑袋。青蛙的体长大约在两到三英寸,背部长满了棕黄色的斑点;但是它的腹部颜色却比较明亮。青蛙的皮肤上没有任何毛发,但是却覆盖着一层黏滑的液体。
8.青蛙的两条后腿又长又壮,每只后脚都有五根脚趾,通过蹼连接在一起。两条前腿较短,也远没有那么粗壮。前脚只有四根脚趾而且没有蹼。青蛙的四肢与兔子颇为相似,因为这两种动物都主要依靠后腿进行运动。
9.青蛙没有尾巴;虽然长有脊柱但是却没有肋骨。青蛙的两只眼睛很大而且突出在脑袋之外。每只眼睛都长有两层眼皮,下面那层眼皮由轻薄的透明皮肤构成。
10.青蛙的嘴巴很大;但是,它很少会咀嚼食物,因此只有在上腭处长有几颗小牙齿。青蛙的舌头非常有用,就是依靠它来捕食苍蝇与其他小型昆虫。舌头与下腭的前端相连,而我们的舌头则是长在下腭的后端。因此,青蛙的舌头蜷缩在嘴巴里,朝向后方。它的舌头顶端有一片沾满粘液的区域。
11.当青蛙看到一只想要捕捉的苍蝇时就会伸出舌头,当那块粘液区域接触到猎物时后者便成为了青蛙口中的美食。红色的舌头瞬间吐出并收回,你几乎看不到它的移动情况。
12.你有没有注意到这样一个现象:青蛙总是在吞食东西?它吞食的就是空气,正是通过这样一种方法,青蛙的肺部才能吸收到空气。青蛙的呼吸非常缓慢,由于体型相差甚多,它所需要的空气远没有人类那么多。因此,青蛙属于冷血动物,而人类则是恒温动物。
13.青蛙不以植物为食,不会破坏我们的花园。实际上,它们还是花园的卫士,因为那些以植物为食的昆虫与鼻涕虫正是它们的猎物。
14.青蛙最喜欢潮湿的天气,那时,它们都会从藏身之处跑出来。它们喜欢水,因为这样可以保持皮肤湿润。如果皮肤变得干燥,那么青蛙很快就会死亡。千万不要伤害可怜的青蛙,因为它们对人类有百利而无一害。当你听到它们在池塘中用“呱呱”的叫声与同伴交流时,请不要往水中扔石头。
译注
①蛙属于“两栖纲-无尾目”,这一目的动物包括蛙和蟾蜍(toad),但其实二者很难严格区分开。
②蛙的蝌蚪是先长出后腿,而同属两栖纲的蝾螈(salamander)的蝌蚪是先长前腿。
③这也是一种“变态发育”,是两栖类从鱼类进化而来的一个佐证。蝌蚪变态的时间受季节和气温的影响极大,一般5-7月份产卵孵化的蝌蚪在7-9三个月中可以变态,8-9月份以后繁殖孵化的蝌蚪要经过越冬,到第二年4月份以后才能变态成幼蛙。关于青蛙和蝌蚪的关系,中国有一部经典动画片《小蝌蚪找妈妈》,不知你是否看过?
A PAIR OF BELLOWS