书城外语英国学生科学读本
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第4章 木杆铅笔

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1.Have you a lead-pencil?If not,I want you to get a loan of one,and to look at it very carefully.It is made of wood-most likely of cedar wood,for the wood of the cedar tree is much used for making pencils.

2.Do you see the name of the maker in bright letters on the side of the pencil?You may see,too,the letters H for hard,B for black,or HB for both hard and black,which are stamped on the pencil.From these marks you know what kind of pencil it is.

3.The pencil is a round piece of wood,is it not?At each end of the pencil you can see a small square of black-lead.Now,how did the black-lead get there?Did it grow inside the wood?

4.Look very carefully at the ends of the pencil.Ah,you see!it is made of two strips of wood,which were glued together after the black-lead was put in.

5.Try to pull your pencil to pieces.If you put it in water for a while,the glue will become soft,and the two pieces of wood will come apart.

6.Then you will see that a neat little hollow was made in one of the pieces,and that a little strip of black-lead-of just the right size-was put into it.The other piece of wood was then glued over it,and the pencil was made round and smooth.

7.When you rub the point on a piece of paper,little bits of black-lead stick to the paper and make black marks.In this way the black-lead pencil is very useful for writing or drawing.

8.Before you use your lead-pencil,you must sharpen one end of it with a knife.The wood will not make a black mark,so it must be cut away.Then the black-lead is left sticking out by itself to make black marks on the paper.

SUMMARY

A lead-pencil is made by putting a strip of black-lead into a hollow between two pieces of wood.The two pieces of wood are then glued together.On the side of the pencil the maker’s name is printed,and the letters H for hard,B for black,or H B for both hard and black,show what kind of pencil it is.

【中文阅读】

1.小朋友,你有木杆铅笔吗?要是没有,就借一支来,好好看看吧。木杆铅笔的木头,大部分都是杉木,也叫雪松木,因为英国的杉木很多都用来做铅笔了。①2.看见了吗?铅笔的侧面,用闪闪发亮的字,印着制造商的名字。你可能也看见了,字母H代表英语的Hard(硬),字母B代表英语的Black(黑),HB 就代表又硬又黑。从刻上去的这些字母,就可以知道这支铅笔是什么类型的。②3.铅笔是一根圆形的木杆,两头都可以看见里面铅笔芯的小方块③。那么铅笔芯是怎么进去的呢?难道是在木头里长出来的吗?

4.仔细看看铅笔的两头。啊,看见了!铅笔是“两片”木头做的,这两片木头,是在铅芯放进去之后,用胶黏在一起的!

5.试试把这支铅笔拆开。把铅笔在水里泡一会儿,胶就变软了,两片木头就会分开了。

6.现在你能看见,两片木头中间都有一个精细的凹槽,长条的铅芯,做成了合适的尺寸,放在一片木头的凹槽里面,然后把另一片木头黏上去,铅笔就变成了圆形,摸起来很光滑了。④7.铅笔尖儿在纸上蹭的时候,就会有一点儿铅笔芯附着在纸上,留下黑色的印子。这样,在我们写字画画的时候,铅笔就特别有用。

8.在你用木杆铅笔之前,要先用小刀把铅笔的一头削尖。木头是不会留下黑色印子的,所以得把木头削掉,这样,黑色的铅芯自己就会突出来,在纸上留下印子了。⑤译注①铅笔的英语pencil来自拉丁语的penicillus,意思是“小尾巴”,在古代指的是一种骆驼毛制成的笔。Pencil现在的意义--“石墨做的书写工具”,是16世纪才出现的。

②“H”代表铅笔芯里面坚硬的粘土,“B”代表柔软的石墨,H和B前面的数字(比如2B铅笔),数字越大就代表这些成分越多;HB则代表软硬适中。铅笔的软硬分成这么多等级,主要是为了让画家们在纸上画出不同的灰度。工业上制图的时候,经常用比较硬的笔芯,因为硬笔芯削成的笔尖大小容易保持,画出来的线粗细一致。现在读者们用的自动铅笔的铅芯,大部分是HB的。

③现在的木杆铅笔,铅芯一般是圆形的。

④这种现代铅笔的基本造型,最早出现在16世纪中期的意大利,是把刺柏木的木棍掏空做出来的。不久,又出现了课文里说的那种两片木头拼在一起的形式。1662年,德国纽伦堡(Nuremberg)建立了第一家用这种工艺制造铅笔的工厂。

1789年,法国大革命爆发,因为外国的禁运,法国石墨严重短缺。为了节省材料,法国化学家尼古拉·孔德(Nicholas Jacques Cont ,也翻译成康蒂)发明了石墨和粘土混合的铅笔芯。之后木杆铅笔又经过很多人的改进,才成了今天这个样子。现在,全世界每年仍然生产140亿支以上的木杆铅笔。

⑤我们从小就很熟悉的自动铅笔,克服了这个问题,不再需要削铅笔了。自动铅笔在英式英语里叫做“推进式铅笔”(propelling pencil),美式英语是“机械铅笔”(mechanical pencil)。1822年,英国人桑普森·莫丹(Sampson Mordan)和约翰·艾萨克·哈金斯(John Isaac Hawkins)获得了第一项自动铅笔的专利,但直到19世纪末20世纪初的时候才开始大规模推广。1915年,日本的早川德次(Hayakawa Tokuji)发明了一种改进型的自动铅笔,命名为“永远锋利的铅笔”

(Ever-Sharp Pencil),后来的“夏普”(Sharp)公司的名字就是这么来的。

BLACK-LEAD