The Italians didn’t care for Gothic architecture much,anyway.There was too much sunlight in Italy for churches with walls of glass.The Italians liked their buildings dark and cool inside,instead of full of sunlight,even if the sunlight did come through the marvelous stained glass windows of a Gothic cathedral.
This new Renaissance architecture was good in many ways,but in some ways it was not so good.The Gothic buildings had always been built so that every part of the building had its own special job to do.The buttresses were to push against the walls.The decorations carved on top of the buttresses were to give them more weight so they could hold more solidly.The stained glass windows and the statues were to tell the Bible stories to people who couldn’t read.There was scarcely any part of a Gothic building that was not honest or useful.
But the Renaissance buildings weren’t always so honest.Often they were designed just to look well.Columns and pilasters were put on for decoration,without really helping to hold up anything as columns should.An ornament should look like an ornament,not like a column which should be a hard-working,load-bearing support.
Sometimes a Renaissance architect would cover a Gothic building with Renaissance ornament,to make it look like a Renaissance building.
But many of the Renaissance buildings were honest buildings.The best artists of the time became architects and designed buildings.New Gothic cathedrals ceased to be built.Indeed,there were almost enough churches already,and so most of the Renaissance buildings were palaces or government buildings or libraries.
【中文阅读】
很久以前,意大利的佛罗伦萨正在建造一座大教堂。再加一个大圆顶,大教堂差不多就算完工了。突然有一天,工匠们不得不停工,离开尚未竣工的大教堂。因为建筑师死了。只有他知道大教堂如何建造圆顶,要建多大才够。大教堂就这样停建了很长时间。因为他没有留下任何平面图或草图供工匠们参考,也没对别人讲过圆顶应该如何建造的想法。交叉口缺了圆顶,却露出个大窟窿的佛罗伦萨大教堂,就这么屹立了一百多年之后,终于决定要让大教堂封顶。最后人们决定举行一场竞赛,看看能否找到什么人能给大教堂加盖圆顶,来使大教堂完工。
这场竞赛提出了许多设想和方案。有个人说他保证能建好圆顶,但他需要在教堂底部的中央做一根大柱子来支撑圆顶。另外一个人说他可以建造圆顶,但他要事先垒一个大土堆作辅助。
这个人说:“如果把金币搅拌在土中,堆成一个大土堆,我们就可以围绕土堆建一个圆顶。圆顶建好后,再邀人来扣土找金币,把土运出去。当人们把土都弄走后,我们的圆顶也就自然建成了。”
这简直就像在生日蛋糕上寻找幸运嵌环和幸运戒指一样。最终赢得这场比赛并承担这项任务的是布鲁内莱斯基。他把罗马所有的古建筑作了一番研究。他是一个雕刻家,也是一位优秀的建筑师。布鲁内莱斯基说他能建造圆顶,既不要定中心,也不需要很多木材。尽管他有这样的自信,但主管们却不太相信他能说到做到。所以他们让雕刻家吉贝尔蒂也参与圆顶的建造。
吉尔贝蒂是一位优秀的雕刻家(他的“天国之门”足以证明),可他对如何建造圆顶一无所知。所以他什么也干不了,但他却和圆顶全盘设计者布鲁内莱斯基,拿一样的报酬。这当然使布鲁内莱斯基不高兴,所以他就在家卧床装病。于是工匠们不得不停工,因为吉尔贝蒂根本就不知道如何指导工匠们下一步该干什么。所以布鲁内莱斯基在家卧床多久,工程也就等了多久。
但是这种办法却没能将吉尔贝蒂赶出这项工程,布鲁内莱斯基只得重新想办法除掉他。他建议工程主管最好将工程一分为二,他和吉尔贝蒂各人负责一半。
“有两件困难的事必须要做好,”布鲁内莱斯基说,“一件是必须为泥匠瓦工搭好可以站的架子,还有一件就是把圆顶八面都固定起来的链子做好。让吉尔贝蒂选一项,我来做另一项,这样就不会浪费时间了。”
这一招果然奏效。吉尔贝蒂选择了做链子,但却没能做成。他很快就被解雇了,而布鲁内莱斯基单打独斗也能继续。
布鲁内莱斯基成功地建造了圆顶。它与罗马万神殿的圆顶完全不同,和圣索菲亚大教堂的圆顶也不一样。这座圆顶用砖砌成,而且从上到下建有许多石肋拱。这些肋拱将圆顶一分为八(面),所以就不像大多数圆顶那样光滑。另外呢,这个圆顶上方还有一个小顶篷,或者说是小塔,作为灯塔,尽管里面并没有灯。
布鲁内莱斯基是如何在没有定中心的情况下建造了圆顶至今还是个谜。但他就是这么建的,而且造得很好。至今它仍然远远高出佛罗伦萨的楼房屋顶,远近可见,它是世界上最著名的圆顶建筑之一。因此这座大教堂就叫做圆顶大教堂。如果你去佛罗伦萨,就会在圆顶大教堂旁边看到布鲁内莱斯基雕像。他坐在那儿,抬头看着圆顶,腿上放着设计图纸。
除了圆顶工程的设计建造,我还有一个理由要再向你介绍布鲁内莱斯基。原来他还是新型建筑风格——文艺复兴式的首位建筑师。
文艺复兴是人们重新对生活产生兴趣——包括文学、绘画、雕刻和建筑,特别是对古希腊和古罗马所遗留下来的文化进行了一次全面的复兴。我曾说过,布鲁内莱斯基研究过古罗马的建筑遗迹。他曾经对这些遗迹做过测量,绘制草图,研习他所能学到的一切东西。所以当布鲁内莱斯基做建筑设计时,他就会从罗马遗迹中借用各种他所欣赏并研究过的柱子、装饰、拱顶以及图纸。我并不是说他在照搬古罗马的建筑。他只是借用这些并使自己的设计有所依据。布鲁内莱斯基之后的许多意大利建筑师也竞相效仿。
然而意大利建筑师并不是太关心哥特式建筑风格。意大利的日照充足,没必要使教堂的墙壁都用玻璃来做,因为他们喜欢室内阴暗一点,凉快一点,而不是充满阳光,即使阳光是从哥特式大教堂那美丽的彩色玻璃中照进来。
虽然这种新型的文艺复兴式建筑风格有许多优势,但在某些方面也暴露出它的不足。所以哥特式建筑就一直在建,而哥特式建筑的每一个部位也有它特定的功能。如扶壁用于支撑墙壁,而扶壁上方雕刻的花样是用来增加扶壁的重量,使其更加牢固。彩色玻璃窗和雕像则用来帮助不识字的人了解《圣经》故事。总之,哥特式建筑几乎没有哪个部分是凭空捏造的,或是毫无用途的。
但文艺复兴式建筑却并不总是这么实打实的。它们有时候仅仅是为了好看而已。柱子和壁柱除了美观外,不能真正像柱子所应该起的支撑作用。而装饰看起来就应该是装饰,不该像柱子,因为建造柱子需要多花精力,而柱子更应该用于承重才对。
文艺复兴风格的建筑师们有时会在哥特式建筑物上覆盖一些文艺复兴式建筑的装饰,让它们具有一些文艺复兴式建筑风格的特点。
但大部分文艺复兴式的建筑物都是被一丝不苟完成的。当时最优秀的艺术家都成为了建筑师,并积极参与建筑设计。人们不再建造任何新的哥特式大教堂了,因为教堂已经够多了。所以大部分文艺复兴式的建筑物是宫殿、政府大楼和图书馆等。
BACKWARD AND FORWARD
回顾过去,展望未来
IN 1492Columbus discovered America.Every one knows that date.And so it is easy to remember when Renaissance architecture began in Italy.It was in the same century as 1492,the fourteen-hundreds.Some of the earliest Renaissance buildings of the fourteen-hundreds are the best.On the next page is a picture of the Riccardi Palace in Florence.It looks more like a fort than a palace and that is what it really was on the outside—a fort.
There was so much fighting going on that these palaces in Florence had to be built like forts.Notice the iron bars on the lower windows.Notice the heavy rough stones in the lower story.That kind of stone-work is called “rusticated.”The stones bulge out from the joints between them.This makes the building look strong and solid.
The top of the building is crowned by a ledge that sticks out all around the wall.Such a ledge is called a cornice.The cornice kept the building from looking like a plain box.The cornice finished off the top of a building just the way a capital finished off the top of a column.The windows have round arches,not pointed like Gothic.