Figurines were made for the dead，lamps were made for the living.Lamps，which every house had to have，were decorated with figures in low relief.Lamps nowadays，of course，are usually electric and quite different from those in ancient Greece and other countries.These old lamps were very small，seldom larger than your hand，and were made either of terra cotta or bronze.They had a hole in which a twisted piece of stringlike cloth was stuffed for a wick.They held olive oil or grease which soaked the wick and made it burn when lighted.These lamps gave no more light than a burning match，but that was all the light people had at night.Perhaps they went to bed earlier than we do.The lamps often had on the top or sides the usual fairy-tale figures—Greek gods or goddesses or other characters in Greek mythology.
Lamps were made in molds and hundreds or even thousands of lamps were madefrom one mold.Some of the old molds have been dug up out of the ground and are used to make modern reproductions which are sold to-day as souvenirs to travelers or even called antiques.If the lamps are of bronze and are really old ones that have been dug up，they have a greenish coating called a patina.If they are not really old，they are sometimes dipped in acid to make them look so，but they have sharper edges than the old and the patina made by acid does not look the same as that eaten in by time.If they are of clay，the newly made lamps look cleaner cut and fresher than the old.So if you are thinking of buying an ancient lamp to-morrow （stranger things have happened），be sure to notice the patina or the freshness of the clay.
【中文阅读】
泥土经过烘焙成为陶土。花盆和砖块都是陶土产品。当泥土或粘土烘焙至红色或红黄色，就形成陶土。我们小时候都玩过泥巴，可能还捏过东西——橘子、苹果、茶杯或碟子等。古希腊人用同样的材质，即泥土或粘土，以同样的方法雕刻人像。他们用粘土制作比木偶娃娃还要小的女雕像，然后进行烘焙，以防破裂，从而形成陶土制品。
古希腊人有种习俗，他们将这些人像或其他小雕像放进坟墓。如今，它们被挖掘出来，有成千上万件，都收藏在博物馆。由于首次发掘是在希腊一个叫塔纳格拉的城镇，所以就叫“塔纳格拉小雕像”。这些小雕像通常刻画的是手拿风扇或阳伞的女士。是的，古希腊女士们拿的风扇和阳伞和我们今天女士拿的没有什么差别。古希腊雕刻的不寻常之处在于雕像上的人物都穿戴完整。
这些出土的小雕像大多是原作，但也有一些是巨像的摹制品。由于巨像早已消失，所以我们就从这些小型的摹制品了解原作的样子。然而，它们向我们展示的远不止这些。如果想知道古希腊人到底是什么模样，不妨就到博物馆去看看这些小雕像吧。著名的大理石雕像刻画的是希腊诸神、运动员和战士。这些人物通常刻得比真人更接近完美。而陶土小雕像刻的是日常生活中的古希腊人。它们向我们展示了现实生活中的古希腊人。有一件刻的是挤牛奶的少女。还有一件向我们展示了两个女孩玩游戏的场景，她们一人骑在另一人的背上。这都是日常生活。
许多小雕像涂的色彩都很鲜艳。有些脖子上戴着真金的小项链，手上佩戴青铜配饰。许多雕像都褪了色，只剩下当初作材质时的红黄粘土色了。
小雕像除了头部用实心粘土外，其他部位都是空心的。我敢肯定，无论饭前你觉得肚子有多空，但脑袋里远不只是坚硬的粘土。
小雕像专为死者所雕，灯却是为活人而制。家家都有灯，上面都有一些浅浮雕图案。当然，现在我们通常使用电灯，这和古希腊和其他古国所使用的灯大不相同。古灯都非常小，很少有巴掌大的。它们用陶土或青铜制成。灯上有个洞，洞里塞了一片线状扭曲的布条，作灯芯，泡在橄榄油或动物脂里，点燃发光。这种灯光还不及一根点燃的火柴亮，但却是古人夜晚的唯一照明啊。也许他们上床比我们早。这种古灯通常放在希腊诸神或希腊神话中其他人物的雕像上方或身旁。
灯是按模子制的，也许上百成千盏灯都出自同一块模子。一些古老的模子如今从地底下挖掘出来了，被现代工业回炉加工成纪念品，或说古董，卖给游客。如是青铜制品，且年代的确久远的话，那么灯身上就会裹着一件绿衣，我们称作“铜绿”。但如果只是人们用酸浸泡后的近代产物，那灯边就会更锋利，而且酸浸的铜绿和时间腐蚀形成的铜绿看起来会有所不同。如果是用粘土制成，那么新制的灯在切割处就显得更加工整而鲜亮。所以，如果哪天我们想买一盏古灯（还发生过比这更奇怪的事呢），那么就要留意铜绿或粘土的鲜亮度哦。
BUSTS AND RELIEFS
半身像和浮雕
AS your mother or your father or your teacher ever told you not to say “bust”？“If he gets any fatter，he’ll bust！”is very poor English.I agree with your mother or your father or your teacher.What you should say is burst.
But now I’m going to tell you how you can use the word “bust”so your mother and your father and your teacher will like to hear you use it.In bad English，“bust”means “burst.”In good English，“bust”means a piece of sculpture showing the upper part of a person—sometimes just the head and neck and sometimes the head，neck，shoulders，and chest.A bust that is made to look like one particular person so that you can say when you see it，“Why that looks just like Mr.Brown，”or “just like Alice Jones，”or “just like Tommy Smith，”is called a portrait bust.
The ancient Egyptians made some very good portrait busts，but the people who made them best were the ancient Romans.
The old Roman busts are so lifelike that they look like real people you might see walking down the street to-day.The Greeks put Greek noses on most of their statues even though many Greeks didn’t have Greek noses.But the Romans liked to make their busts just like the real person.If a man had a crooked nose or a double chin，the sculptor made that man’s bust with a crooked nose or double chin.If the man had a worried look，the sculptor made the bust with the worried look.
Each Roman family that could afford it had busts made of all the members of the family.These busts were handeddown in the family so that an old family had a great many busts of its ancestorsNo.42-1JULIUS C？SAR（《尤利乌斯·恺撒》）Courtesy of Pratt Institute
around the house.Whenever there was a death in the family，all the family portrait busts were carried down the street in the funeral procession.If you had watched one of those processions，you could have seen，perhaps，how much a grandson looked like the bust of his grandfather which he was carrying.
Each Roman emperor had hundreds of busts made of himself to be sent to all the important cities in the Roman Empire.Here is a bust of Julius C.sar.Does he look like any one you know？Now if you want to use the word bust，go ahead.
Except for the busts，the Romans weren’t very good at making statues in the round.So when they conquered Greece they brought back to Rome all the famous Greek statues they could find.They brought back Greek sculptors，too，and made them carve statues in Rome.Many of the statues made in Rome were not original but were copies of famous Greek statues.It’s lucky for us the copies were made，because so many of the great Greek statues were lost that if we hadn’t been able to dig up Roman copies of them we shouldn’t know at all what they were like.You remember Myron’s Discus Thrower？The statue that Myron himself made disappeared and has never been found，but several Roman copies of it were made and so we know what it was like.