The Greeks had only a few，but the Romans built many kinds—not only tombs and temples，houses and palaces—Arches and aqueducts Bridges and baths Court-houses and hallsTheaters and amphitheaters
No.66-1THE PANTHEON，ROME（罗马万神殿）
Some were fake，but not all，and some were magnificent and im-posing.Most of the Roman buildings are now in ruins，but one building—a temple built to all the gods—is still standing and in use to-day.It is called the Pantheon，which means “All the Gods.”It has a porch in front with Corinthian columns，and back of the porch a circular building with a huge dome made like a bowl turned upside down，of concrete.The circular walls that support the dome are twenty feet thick and the only window is a large circular opening in the top of the dome.There is no glass in the opening，but so high is it above the floor that even a heavy rain barely wets the floor beneath.
The Square House is one of the finest of these Roman buildings，with engaged Corinthian columns as well as with whole columns.
It is not in Rome，however.It is in what is now France，but when it was built，France was a part of the Roman Empire and Romans built it.In France they call it the Maison Carrée，which means Square House.
The theaters where the Roman actors gave plays had no roofs.The seats were of stone and were arranged in a half circle that sloped upward as to-day.In France，at a town called Orange，is a Roman theater in which plays are still given.
Nero was one of the worst rulers Rome ever had and one of the worst builders.He built himself an enormous palace surrounded by parks and lakes.It was called the Golden House.Later rulers destroyed it.He built a colossal statue of himself which some writers say was 120feet high.Only its base still exists.
Near where the colossal statue of Nero was，a huge amphitheater was built later andit was called the Colosseum.An amphitheater was something like a football stadium，but instead of games，there were fights held between men and men，or between men and wild animals.The Colosseum had stone seats arranged in an oval shape.The outside walls were four stories high；the lower three stories were rows of arches.Between the arches on the first or ground floor there were engaged Doric columns.Between the arches of the second story were engaged Ionic columns.Between those of the third floor were engaged Corinthian，and on the fourth-story wall were Composite pilasters.
No.66-2MAISON CARRéE，N？MES，FRANCE（法国尼姆的卡雷尔神庙）The Colosseum is now a ruin，but a great part of it is still standing.The amphitheater held as many people as a large stadium does to-day，but there was a still larger one called the Circus Maximus which held as many people as in a large city and many more than the largest stadium to-day holds.Circus in this case doesn’t mean a circus；it means a ring and Circus Maximus meant the Largest Ring.
Most of the huge Circus Maximus has completely disappeared but some of its foundations still remain.
The Romans built public bath houses，for the common people hae no baths at all in their homes.These baths were huge buildings with arched or vaulted rooms in which a thousand or more people could bathe at one time.There were not only hot and cold and warm baths，but gymnasiums，game rooms，and lounging rooms，and so on.They，were public places for amusement and recreation.
The Romans built large arches，separate from buildings，just for their rulers who had won great battles to march through with their soldiers.Such arches were called Triumphal Arches.One，called the Arch of Titus，was built to celebrate his conquest and destruction of the city of Jerusalem.The Arch of Titus has one large single arch.
No.66-3ARCH OF TITUS，ROME（罗马提图斯凯旋门）Photograph by Ewing Galloway
Another arch，the Arch of Constantine，was built in honor of that ruler who was the first emperor of Rome to become a Christian.The Arch of Constantine has one large and two smaller arches，one at each side.You can see the Colosseum in the background of both pictures.
The bridges the Romans built were among the strongest and most substantial structures they made.Some of these bridges were built，not for people to walk across，but for water to run through.On the top of such a bridge was a trough through which water flowed from its source to the city.It was like a river held up by a bridge.Such a bridge of arches carrying water was called an aqueduct which means water pipe or water carrier.Nowadays，water is brought to a city from a river or lake or reservoir，through large pipes which may run underground and up and down hill.But the Romans built aqueducts instead of pipes to carry water to a city，and these aqueducts—some of them over fifty miles long—sloped just enough so that the water was always running down hill.There is a picture of one in Chapter 65.
No.66-4ARCH OF CONSTANTINE，ROME（罗马君士坦丁凯旋门）The Romans made one other kind of building from which later Christian churches were copied.These buildings were court-houses or public halls and were called basilicas.Basilicas were long buildings with rows of columns on the inside which held up the roof.There was a center aisle and two side aisles and the roof over the center aisle was higher than the roof over the side aisles，as in the case in most of our churches to-day.In a later chapter I’ll tell you more about basilicas.
【中文阅读】
有些人佩戴仿真珍珠，有些人佩戴仿真钻石，有些人佩戴仿真珠宝——只是为了炫耀。有些人在盖房子时，用混凝土砖仿造石头，将木柱刷上漆代替大理石柱，或在灰泥墙上贴上壁纸模仿瓷砖。人们用这些仿制材料来冒充真品，做法就是欺诈，这些只能叫冒牌货。希腊人从不以这种方式来造假。罗马人却常常这样干。他们用混凝土或砖块盖房子，然后再在外面贴上一层薄薄的大理石片。
在基督诞生前后的几百年间，罗马人不停地盖房子，盖了许多高楼大厦，不仅比以往任何时候盖的都要多，而且样式也越来越翻新。他们不仅仅在罗马和意大利建造房屋，而且还在罗马占领的其他各国建造。
尽管罗马人盖了许多高楼大厦，但却没有哪一幢能与希腊的相媲美。因为罗马人是工程师，不是建筑师。希腊人笃信宗教，所以建造了神庙；但罗马人却是伟大的统治者，只崇尚那些与治国相关的东西。罗马人用工具设计建筑，而希腊人却用自己的眼睛。在一座罗马建筑物里，所有被认为是垂直的线都是垂直的，所有被认为是水平的线都是水平的，所有被认为是笔直的线也都是笔直的。就好比画画，他们不是用自己的手画画，而是依靠尺子和圆规。
同理可鉴，罗马的建筑看起来就显得机械。人们对罗马建筑的喜爱就像对待一架发动机一样。它们的确坚固耐用，但就是缺乏那种手绘图画的美感。