The monastery that the monks lived in was built around a church.Such a church was called the abbey because of the abbot who ruled the monastery.On one side of the abbey was a courtyard.Across the courtyard from the church was generally the dining hall，which was called the refectory.The church and the refectory were connected along each end of the courtyard by hallways.These hallways were like long porches with columns on the sides facing the courtyard，and were called cloisters.The columns in the cloisters were not like the old Greek and Roman columns.They weren’t Doric or Ionic or Corinthian or Tuscan or Composite，but were of many different shapes，even in the same cloister.Some were twisted in shape like a screw or like a wet towel when you try to wring the water out of it.Some were decorated with bands around them or with criss-cross stripes.In many cloisters the columns were in pairs，two and two，like animals going into Noah’s ark，and these were called coupled columns.Not much like the columns on the Parthenon，are they？
No.70CLOISTER，SICILY（西西里回廊）
Courtesy of The University Prints
【中文阅读】
“有盛必有衰。”罗马帝国已经达到它的鼎盛时期。罗马人征服并统治了差不多整个欧洲，使其在蛮荒状态下得以开化。继而，这个由罗马人建立的强大帝国开始走向衰落。
罗马帝国的衰落是由东西部之间的分裂开始的。当迁都到君士坦丁堡后，原首都罗马的实力，自然而然地就开始失丧。最后帝国分裂为东西两部。君士坦丁堡继续作为东罗马帝国的首都，而罗马则成了西罗马帝国的首都。所以那时也就有了两个罗马帝国，两位皇帝。但这种状况并未持续多久。
野蛮的北方佬开始南下，他们从法国一路杀到意大利。这些人粗野而凶狠。他们从没学过读写。我们称他们为“日耳曼人”。日耳曼人先后占领了法国、西班牙和意大利，最终将罗马据为己有，从而使西方古老的罗马帝国不复存在。我好奇的是，当日耳曼人踏进罗马时，看到壮观的宫殿、剧院、神庙和纪念碑时，心里到底在想什么。
日耳曼人粗鲁野蛮而又无知，但他们身强力壮，勇猛善战。他们后来成了基督徒。他们在欧洲各地定居后，就渐渐开始学习当地的语言。过去罗马帝国各地都使用罗马语言——拉丁语。如今在日耳曼部落人的统治下，欧洲各地的拉丁语出现了差异。法国境内使用的拉丁语渐渐演变成了法语。西班牙境内使用的拉丁语渐渐演变成了西班牙语。而意大利和罗马使用的拉丁语则变成了意大利语。从此，一个西班牙人就不再能用自己的语言和一个法国人进行交谈了。
但无论是西班牙、法国，还是意大利，那时都还没有独立。到处都是战争，一片混乱：部落与部落之间在争战，乡镇与乡镇之间在争战。古老的文明生活已被搅乱。一切与文明有关的都变得越来越黑暗。罗马人的生活方式已被抛到九霄云外。连绵的战火使人们根本无暇顾及建筑，即使差不多没有一个人会主动忘记。古老的长方形教堂仍被使用，但几乎看不到新建的。世界一片混乱。我们把公元500年到1000年的这段时间叫做“黑暗时代”。
尽管此时对欧洲来说一切都是阴郁暗淡的，但黑暗之中却也透出了几点光亮。其中一个亮点就是查理曼大帝的统治时期。查理曼大帝是日耳曼人。他从未接受过教育，也从未学过读写。想象一下当今的统治者吧——譬如，美国总统——他连信都不会写吗？可查理曼大帝头脑聪明，甚至想学习所有该知道的事情。尽管他已成为法兰西国王，但他并不知足，直到把德国和意大利也置于他的统治之下。
查理曼大帝鼓励大兴土木。他将所有能找到的聪明人都召进宫。他帮助世界使一些自古罗马失去统治后遗失的知识和学问重见天日。他于公元800年加冕成为新罗马帝国的皇帝。
另外一道划破黑暗时代的光亮一直在基督教修士们的手中持续燃烧。众所周知，修士就是住在修道院里的人。修道院由主管修士，即修道院的院长管理。修士们认为，只要他们努力工作，远离世俗的争战和邪恶，就可以把生活变得更美好。
那些在修道院里的古代修士们辛勤地劳作。他们在修道院里种植蔬菜，修建教堂和房屋，办学，画画，记载历史，救济上门求助的穷人和病人。使我们受益最多的是，他们学习古罗马著作，将它们完整地保存下来，才使我们得以更多地了解古罗马人的生活方式。也就是说要不是因为有这些博学的修士们，我们今天就不可能知道这么多。
修士们居住的由院长管理的修道院通常围绕教堂而建。这样的教堂叫做“大教堂”。大教堂的一边有个庭院，从教堂出来穿过庭院通常是用餐的大堂，叫做“餐厅”。教堂和餐厅由走廊连接，并直通庭院的两端。这些走廊看起来像是长长的柱廊，面对庭院，被称作“回廊”。回廊里的柱子看起来并不像古希腊或古罗马的柱式。它们既不是陶立克柱式，或爱奥尼亚柱式，或科林斯柱式，也不是托斯卡纳柱式，更不是混合型柱式，而是形态各异，甚至在同一条长廊里也各不相同。有些柱式呈螺旋状如螺丝钉，有些像是被拧的湿毛巾。有些周身由彩条装饰，有些由十字纹修饰。在许多回廊里，柱子都是成双成对的，就像走进诺亚方舟的动物，这些叫做“对柱”。它们跟帕台农神庙的柱子看起来不一样吧？
ROUND ARCHES
圆拱
SUPPOSE you thought the world was going to end next year！Most people in Europe in the Dark Ages thought the world was going to come to an end in 1000A.D.They weren’t sure just how it would happen.Perhaps it was going to burn up，they thought，or fall apart or blow up with earthquakes and volcanoes.But they felt sure from what they read in the Bible that 1000A.D.was going to see the end of the world.Important buildings were not built，because what was the use？They’d all be destroyed with the end of the world.
Then 1000A.D.came and nothing happened to the world.Still the world was there，and so people found they must have been mistaken.More good buildings began to be built.The light in the darkness of the Dark Ages began to get brighter.
And now I’ll have to tell you of the new kind of architecture that was used after 1000A.D.This new kind of architecture is called Romanesque.The easiest way for you to tell that a building is Romanesque is to look at the tops of the windows and doors.If all the windows and doors have round arches for tops，then the building is probably Romanesque.
People call it Romanesque because it was used in the countries that once belonged to Rome.Just as each of these former Roman countries came to have its own language，descended from Latin，so each country came to have its own Romanesque architecture，descended from Roman architecture.
The Romanesque architecture of Italy is most like the old basilican kind and so I’lltell you first about the most famous Italian Romanesque buildings.
I’m sure you know the tower in this picture.It is the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa.The building next to the tower is the cathedral.
Every church isn’t a cathedral.A cathedral is a church with a bishop.The chair that the bishop used in his church was called a cathedra.As the bishop’s church always had a cathedra，the bishop’s church was called a cathedral.This was the cathedral of the Bishop of Pisa.
If you were to look down on a cathedral from an airplane you would see it was built in the shape of a cross.But this cross isn’t a Greek cross，because all the arms are not the same length.A cross with the main stem longer than the other parts is called a Latincross.Most Romanesque churches were built in the form of a Latin cross.The top of the cross was always pointed toward the east so that the altar in that end of the church could be nearer Palestine in the East，where Christ was born.
No.71-1BAPTISTERY，CATHEDRAL AND LEANING TOWER，PISA（比萨洗礼堂、比萨大教堂和比萨斜塔）
The outside of the cathedral at Pisa is worth looking at，especially if you make believe you are a detective and can see things that most people don’t notice.The rows of columns with arches over them are called arches.A detective would notice at once that all the arches are round arches，and so he could guess the building is probably Romanesque.There are four of these rows of arches or arcades on the west end of this cathedral.