Return of the Hankow and Kiukiang British ConcessionsHostility to Great Britain led to rioting in the Hankow BritishConcession， and finally resulted， by the consent of the Britishauthorities， in its occupation by the Nationalist troops. The return ofthe British Concessions at Hankow and Kiukiang， according to theChen-O"Malley agreement， was regarded as a great triumph for theRevolution.
Preparations to Defend ShanghaiThe fate of the Hankow and Kiukiang British Concessionsaroused the people of Shanghai to the danger to which they mightbe exposed when the Nationalist Army advanced on Shanghai， andbrought about the adoption of measures on the part of the WesternGovernments for the defence of the Settlements. In January， 1927，British， American， Japanese， French， Italian， Dutch and Spanish troopswere hurried to the East.
Great Britain alone sent defence force of 20，000 men， the largestExpeditionary Force she had ever sent as far as China.
Nationalists Enter ShanghaiThe Nationalist advance on Shanghai began on February 19th，and was opposed by Marshal Sun Chuan-fang， who tried to holdChekiang， but largely due to treachery among his generals， he wasforced to give way.
The same policy was adopted in regard to Shanghai as inother places. Before the arrival of the Nationalist Army， a vigorouspropaganda was carried on， and labour troubles fomented. A hundredthousand labourers went out on strike under the direction of thecommunist party. The local headquarters of this party were in theFrench Concession， and took orders by wireless from Hankow.
When the Nationalist troops took Shanghai， it was entered by anadvance guard of less than 500 men which came up from Minghong，and the main army did not enter until two days later. For a time therewas considerable fighting in Chapei and in the native city， but theNationalists soon asserted their authority.
Before their advent， Shanghai had taken on the appearance of anarmed camp. Barbed wire barriers had been constructed around boththe International Settlement and the French Concession， and troopswere placed at the barriers to hinder the entrance of armed troops. Inthe International Settlement the British forces occupied outposts somedistance away from the boundaries， in the western district. All residentswere requested to be indoors between the hours of 10.00 p.m. and 4.00
a.m.
In this way disturbances of a serious nature were prevented， andthe Settlements were preserved in safety.
Missionary Refugees
Owing to the spread of the Nationalist movement and thefact that there was so much communism connected with it， themissionaries throughout the greater part of the country had beenordered to withdraw from their stations by the consular authorities oftheir respective governments. At one time there were as many as 800
missionary refugees in Shanghai. The Nanking incident is an evidencethat the policy of withdrawal from the interior had been a wise one，and the means of avoiding similar calamities.
Chiang Kai-shek comes to ShanghaiOn March 26th， Marshal Chiang Kai-shek suddenly appearedin Shanghai. For some time the breach between him and Borodin hadbeen widening， and he had assumed an attitude of hostility towardscommunism. After his arrival in Shanghai， he formed a party inopposition to that in Hankow， took stern measures to suppress thecommunists， and tried to enlist the support of the moderate element inthe Kuomintang.
The raid of the Soviet Embassy at Peking on April 6th， 1927，was a revelation to the Chinese of the plot of Borodin to bring theKuomintang under the control of the Soviet Government and madethem inclined to support the more moderate government of MarshalChiang Kai-shek.
Attempt to Bring about Union between Nanking andHankow FactionsLater， after the dismissal of Borodin and Eugene Chen， theMinister of Foreign Affairs from the party in Hankow， an attempt wasmade to bring about a union between the Nanking and the Hankowfactions. In order to facilitate this， Chiang Kai-shek resigned asGeneralissimo on August 12th， 1927.
Conferences between the two factions began in Shanghaion September 9th， 1927 and a union was effected. Contrary toexpectations， Chiang Kai-shek returned to Shanghai on November10th， and after a short time was persuaded to resume his office asGeneralissimo and take command of the expedition against theNorthern militarists. On December 1st， he was married to MissMayling Soong， the sister of Mr. T. V. Soong， the Finance Minister ofthe Nationalist Government.
Severance of Relations with Soviet RussiaOn December 14th the Nationalist Government severed relationswith Soviet Russia， and ordered the closing up of the Soviet Consulatesand commercial agencies in Nationalist territory and the departure ofthe staffs within a week， and thus the Red flag disappeared from theRussian Consulate in Shanghai.
Friction with Defence ForceTaking into consideration the large foreign force gathered inShanghai， it is truly remarkable that no serious disorder occurred andthat there was so little friction between the troops and populace.
The Chinese authorities made frequent protests against what theyconsidered as infringements of China"s sovereign rights. The housingof six aeroplanes on the Shanghai Race Course was not viewed bythem with favour， and they objected strenuously to flights over theSettlement and the adjoining country.
In one instance， on August 16th， serious friction took place. Aplane was obliged to make a forced landing on the International RaceCourse at Kiangwan， and the Chinese authorities took occasion toregister their opposition by retaining the wings of the machine. Whenthe request for the return of the wings was made and refused， thecommander of the British Defence Force， Major-General Sir JohnDuncan， gave orders that some rails on the Shanghai-Hangchow-