(it 作形式宾语, 真正宾语是后面的that 引导的名词性分句)It was not known whether there wa s gold left in the mine.
还不知道这座矿井是否还有黄金。
在上述例子中, 后置的真正主语可以取代先行词it 的位置, 而出现在句首。
To drive without a license is illegal.
Meeting you in London tha t da y was pleasant.
Whether there wa s gold left in the mine was not known.
但后一种结构不如先行it 结构普通。另外, 也并非所有的先行it 结构都可以作上述转换。例如:
It seems that John’s not coming a fter a ll. 终究似乎约翰不会来。
It happened that John wa s the only witness.
恰巧约翰是惟一的证人。
上述两句只能转换为:
John doesn’t seem to be coming after all.
John happened to be the only witness.
而不能将that 分句提前于句首, 代替先行词it 的位置。
2 )在continue doing (sth. )“ 继续”和continue to do sth.“继续”中分别为-ing 分词结构和不定式结构作宾语, 意义无什么差别。
这类动词除continue 外, 还有begin 开始, can’t bear 不能忍受, cease 停止, dread 畏怕, like 喜欢, love 热爱, omit 省略, prefer 喜爱, propose 建议, start 开始等, 它们后面既可以带-ing 分词结构又可带不定式作宾语。意义无甚差别, 或差别不大。如表示一般的行为, 用分词结构作宾语为多, 如表示特定的或具体的动作, 则用不定式结构作宾语为多。比较:
I can’t bear living alone. 我不能忍受孤独。
I can’t bear to see the child treated stupidly.
我不忍见那孩子被虐待。
I dread falling ill. 我害怕病倒。
I dread to think of it. 我害怕去想它。
He prefers doing it this way. 他喜欢这样做这事。
He prefers to go by train this evening. 今晚他想乘火车去。
I don’t like watching television. 我不喜欢看电视。
I’d like to swim today. 今天我想去游泳。
3 )in the face of 在..面前He was brave in the face of danger.面对危险他表现得很勇敢。
7.One of them, Brazil, has a population of 140 million, about half of whom are living in absolute poverty. 巴西就是其中之一。它拥有一亿四千万人口, 但大约一半人口生活赤贫。
1 )of whom 中的whom 为关系代词, 指前面的140 million, 引导非限制性定语从句修饰140 million。
of whom 和of which 中的whom 和which 为关系代词, 引导定语从句, 通常的词序是: 名词词组+ of which(or whom)(which 常指物, whom 常指人)。这种结构有时可与whose (指物)交替使用。例如:
We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.
我们开了一次目的完全不明确的会。
= We had a meeting the purpose of which wa s completely unclea r.
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.
他写了一本书, 书名我已全忘了。
= He’s written a book whose name I’ve completely forgotten.
of which 和of whom 前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few 以及基数词担任。例如:
The buses, most of which were alrea dy full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 这些公共汽车大多数已挤满了人, 被一群愤怒的人群包围起来了。
It’s a family of eight children, a ll of whom a re studying music.
这个家庭有八个孩子, 他们都正在学音乐。
2 )absolutely 在这里是个副词, 意思是“ 完全地；非常, 极其”。
He is a bsolutely wrong. 他完全错了。
She found the place a bsolutely delightful.
他发觉这个地方令人心旷神怡。
8.The governments in these countries are usually also too weak to stop large companies and powerful individuals from destroying the rainforests. 这些国家的政府常常无力阻止大公司及有权力的人物毁坏雨林。
1 )too.to 太..而不能..
The question is too hard to understand. 问题太难, 理解不了。
That’s too small a box to hold all those things.
那盒子太小, 装不下所有的那些东西。
但在下列结构中, 不定式不能译成否定“ 太..不..”。即①too 或不定式前带否定词时。例如:
He was too near for us not to see him.
他距离太近, 我们看见了他。
We are never too old to learn. 我们活到老, 学到老。
② only (or but)too.to do 时。例如:
We are only too pleased to work together with the workers.
我们和工人一起劳动太高兴了。
They are but too glad to do so. 他们非常喜欢如此做。
③在too ready, easy, glad, pleased, apt, likely, eager, anxious, willing, inclined 等, to do 的结构里, 不定式也没有否定意思。
例如: He is too ready to blame others. 他太爱责怪人了。
2 )stop.from doing 阻止..做What can stop us from going if we want to go？
如果我们要去, 什么能阻止我们呢？
Can’t you stop the child from crying？
难道你不能让这个孩子不哭吗？
stop.from doing = stop one’s doing
上两例分别可以转换为:
What can stop our going if we want to go？
Can’t you stop the child’s crying？
9.One way they could help would be by cancelling the international debts that countries like Brazil owe, while also working together with these countries to solve their other economic problems.
办法之一就是这些更富裕的国家削减像巴西这样的国家的外债, 同时还要同他们协作解决其他经济问题。
1 )way 表示方式, 后面引导定语从句的that 或in which 省略了。
This is the way (that / in which)he did.
这件事他就是这样做的。
The way (that / in which)you’re doing is completely crazy.
你做此事的方式完全令人费解。
2 )by prep. 凭藉, 凭着, 通过by cancelling.like Brazil owe 为介词短语, 在句中作表语。
by doing (sth. )短语在句中常作方式状语。例如:
The only way for them to make a living is by senselessly cutting down trees and burning. 他们惟一谋生的方式就是愚昧地砍烧树木。
He makes a living by teaching. 他靠教书为生。
They help the factory by offering it loans.
他们为这家工厂提供贷款帮助它。
3 )working 的逻辑主语为前面定语从句中的they (the richer countries)。
10. At the same time, they could support programmes to teach the local people to regard the rainforests as gardens to be harvested, and not merely as places where the only way for them to make a living is by senselessly cutting down trees and burning. 同时, 他们可以支持一些教育计划, 教育当地人们把雨林视着可以取得收获的果园, 而不仅仅是只能靠愚昧的砍烧树木才可以谋生的地方。
1 )to teach.by senselessly cutting down trees and burning 是不定式短语, 作定语修饰programmes。被修饰的programmes 是不定式的逻辑主语。
在上面不定式结构中, to be harvested 不定式作定语修饰gardens, gardens 亦为不定式的逻辑主语。
不定式结构作名词词组修饰语(即定语)常见的有两种情况:
第一, 被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:
I gave Ann a book to rea d. 我给了一本书让安妮读。
There was really nothing to fea r. 没有真正可以惧怕的东西。
如果不定式属于不及物动词, 或由于意义和结构上的需要, 后面就得加介词。例如:
Many needs a friends to pla y with. 玛丽需要一个玩伴。
At least there’s something to write home a bout.
至少还有可写回家的东西。
第二, 被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
Have you got a key to unlock the door？你有开这扇门的钥匙吗？
He was not the man to draw ba ck when his dignity was concerned.
当要涉及尊严时, 他不是一个会退缩的人。
There’s work to be done. 有要做的工作。
The action to be ta ken is correct. 要采取的行动是正确的。
2 )regard.as 视..为.., 把..视为..。as 后面只能接名词或形容词, 不能接to be。
He is regarded a s the best dentist in town.
他被认为是城内最好的牙医师。
The PLA man saved a drowning child and wa s rega rded a s a hero.
这位解放军救起了一位落水儿童, 他因而被视为英雄。
11. Last but not least, people in the richer countries of the world could also help save the rainforests by using wood-derived products such as paper more carefully and by recycling used paper products to help reduce the demand for newly cut wood. 最后也是很重要的一个问题, 世界上富有国家的人民要更加注意节约使用纸张这类以木材为原料的产品, 回收利用废旧的纸产品, 以减少对新近砍伐的木材的需求量, 从而保护热带雨林。
1 )help save = help to save 帮助保护to save 作动词help 的宾语。动词help 后跟不定式时, 不定式可带上to 也可不带to。例如:
Can I help (to)lift this heavy box？
我能帮忙把这个很重的箱子提起来吗？
The worker helped him (to)find his things.
那位工人帮助他找到了他的东西。
Help the girl in front of you (to)carry the suitcase.
帮你前面的那女孩提提衣箱吧!
2 )wood-derived, used 和newly cut 都是-ed 分词结构作定语分别修饰products, paper products 和wood。
3 )在paper products 中, paper 是名词, 修饰products (这点前面已提及过)。
Te xt B
Life on the Tundr a
冻土带的生命
Study of the text
1.Tundra is the name given to the low, marshy plains of Europe, Sibe-ria, and North America that border on the Arctic Ocean. 欧洲, 西伯利亚和北美濒临北冰洋的地区有地势低洼的沼泽平原, 人们称之为冻土带。