Elements of the Business contract and Classification
商务合同的构成要素与分类
商务合同是商品经济的产物,它随着商品经济的产生而产生,也随着商品经济的发展而发展,是商品交换关系在法律上的体现,受到国家法律的承认和保护。它是一种契约文本,属于法律文本,具有用语正式、句子严谨、措辞确切等特点。
合同要有正本(Original)和副本(Copy)。一般由首部(Head),主体(Body)和尾部(End)三部分构成。
一、首部:
(1)名称
合同一般表示为Contract,如果是正本则在右上方注明Original,副本则注明Copy。比如销售合同Sale Contract,代理合同Agency Contract,运输合同Transport Contract,租赁合同Lease Contract,保险合同Insurance Contract等等。
(2)编号
通常合同的编号是由年份,公司代码,部门代号等构成的。比如13CNPC, DB004,这个编号中13指2013年;CNPC指China National Petroleum Corporation(中国石油天然气集团公司);DB是Depart B,B部;004指第四份文件。合起来就是中国石油天然气集团公司B部13年第四份合同。
(3)签约日期
即英语中日期的写法。比如Sep. 10, 2013,这是美式写法,英式写法是日/月/年的顺序,比如5,June,2013。
(4)签约地点
(5)买卖双方的名称、地址和联系方式
6. 序言(Preface)
二、主体
(1)货物的名称条款(Commodity and Specifications)
(2)货物的品质条款(Quality)
(3)数量条款(Quantity)
(4)价格条款(Price)
(5)装运时间条款(Time of Shipment)
(6)保险条款(Insurance)
(7)包装条款(Packing)
(8)运输标志 /唛头(Shipping Mark)
(9)保证条款(Guarantee of Quality)
(10)检验索赔条款(Inspection and Claims)
(11)支付条款(Terms of Payment)
(12)运输方式(Terms of Shipment)
(13)不可抗力条款(Force Majeure)
(14)延期交货和惩罚条款(Late Delivery and Penalty)
(15)仲裁条款(Arbitration)
三、尾部
(1)有效日期
(2)所遵守法律(也可根据国际规定)
(3)双方签名
(4)合同的备注部分
商务合同具有不同的类型,按贸易方式的性质和内容的不同可分为:
一、销售或购货合同 (Sales or Purchase Contract)
这类合同俗称买卖合同。由生产国直接出口,消费国直接进口,单进单出逐笔成交的贸易方式称逐笔售定。在进行这种贸易时,原则上应订立书面合同,明确规定各项条款。
二、技术转让合同 (Contract for Technology Transfer)
以引进专利或转让专利申请权、专有技术和秘密、商标和许可证等为对象的贸易,其使用的合同有技术转让、技术咨询服务和许可证贸易合同。这类合同内容繁琐,专业性强,涉及面广,有效期限较长。
三、合资或合营合同 (Contract for Joint Venture or Joint Production)
投资当事人按一定的法律和法规建立的合资经营企业、合作经营企业、合作开采自然资源,其特点是共同投资、共同经营、共同管理、合作开采、共负盈亏、共担风险。这类贸易方式的合同内容复杂,涉及诸方面的法律,如合资经营企业法律、法规,并涉及土地、资源、工业、设施、税收、外汇、技术引进、专利转让、许可证、劳动等的法令和政策。
四、补偿贸易合同 (Contract for Compensation Trade)
国际贸易中一方从另一方引进设备、技术或原料,不支付现汇,而是在约定期限内以引进设备制造的产品或企业所获利益予以补偿,称补偿贸易方式。这种贸易方式所适用的合同有易货 (Barter:两国间不使用货币的商品交换,其特点是进口和出口相结合,换货的总金额相等,不需用外汇支付,现代国际贸易中已很少使用)和补偿贸易合同。
五、国际工程承包合同 (Contract for International Engineering Projects)
一般来说,按事先规定的章程和交易条件采用公开竞争的方式-招标-进行交易,称公开竞争贸易方式 (Open Competitive Trade Form)。这种贸易方式所使用的合同有招标(Tender)合同和商品交易所(Commodity Exchange)成交合同。中标后,签订国际承包合同。由于这类合同的国际性,其内容十分复杂,技术性强,风险又大,承包商和业主(发包人)要遵循不同国家的法律、法规和政策,在操作过程中务必十分谨慎。
六、代理协议(Agency Agreement)
国际贸易中利用中间商(broker)搜集信息、刊登广告、寻求客户、招揽订单、推销产品、开拓市场,或开展售后服务,中间商收取佣金的方式称为居间贸易方式(Trade Form of Brokerage)。这种贸易方式所适用的契约有经销、寄售、代理等。代理在法律上指一人授权另一人代理行动的关系。前者叫委托人(Principal),后者叫代理人 (Agent)。两者签订的代理协议应从法律上明确各自的权利和义务。
七、来料加工合同(Processing Trade Contract)
承揽贸易方式是指来料加工、来件装配、来样加工装配,亦称加工贸易。这种承揽贸易方式所适用的契约有来料装配合同和来料加工合同。
八、多种贸易方式相结合的合同(Contract with Different Trade Forms)
经济全球化是信息技术和知识经济发展的必然结果。伴随着经济全球化的澎湃浪潮,跨国公司迅速发展,国际资本流动规模空前,金融全球化的进程明显加快。在这种新的形势下,国际合作项目越来越多,传统的贸易方式已远不能满足多方合作的需要,故在国际间普遍采用多种贸易方式相结合的方式进行合作。因而,如何综合应用多种贸易方式是当前非常迫切需要研究的课题。例如,利用国际投资、信贷、租赁,来引进技术,进口设备,或进件装配、产品返销、偿还贷款这类多种经济合作方式。这些贸易方式相结合的合同应包括:
涉外信贷合同(Contract for Credits and Loans)
国际BOT投资合同(Contract for International Build-Operate-Transfer)
国际租赁合同(Contract for International Leasing Affairs).
此外,涉外合同还有国际运输合同、聘请雇员合同、保险合同等。
读书笔记
Agency Contract
代理合同
商务合同是商品经济的产物,它
Contract No: ZXLT-20130609
Date: June 9, 2013
Supplier (hereinafter called “party A”): AD Company
Agent (hereinafter called “party B”): XY Company
This Contract is entered into by and between the parties concerned on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and good faith to develop corporation on terms and conditions mutually agree upon as follows:
1. Contracting Parties
Party A hereby appoints Party B to act as his selling agent to sell the commodity mentioned below.
2. Commodity and Quantity or Amount
It is mutually agreed that Party B shall undertake to sell not less than 10,000 tons of the aforesaid commodity in the duration of this Contract.
3. Confirmation of Orders
The quantities, prices and shipments of the commodities stated in this Agreement shall be confirmed in each transaction, the particulars of which are to be specified in the Sales Confirmation signed by the two parties hereto.
4. Commission
Upon the expiration of the Contract, once Party B’s fulfillment of the specified amount, Party A shall pay to Party B 10% commission on the basis of the aggregate amount of the invoice value against the shipments effected.
5. Payment
After confirmation of the order, Party B shall arrange to open a confirmed, irrevocable L/C available by draft at sight in favor of Party A within the time stipulated in the relevant S/C. Party B shall also notify Party A immediately after L/C is opened so that Party A can get prepared for delivery.
6. Validity
This Contract, after its being signed by the parties concerned, shall remain in force for one year from June 12, 2013 to June 12, 2014. If either Party wishes to extend this Contract, he shall notice, in writing, the other party one month prior to its expiration. The matter shall be decided by the agreement and by consent of the parties hereto. Should either party fail to implement the terms and conditions herein, the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.
7. Arbitration
All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties. And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.
This Agreement is signed on June 9, 2013 at Beijing and is in two originals each Party.
Representative of the Supplier: ___________