书城外语英语语篇语法概论
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第35章 英语语篇写作图式与技术(11)

First, college curricula designers must have enough knowledge in their special professional field.In English curricula design, designers must of course abundant English language knowledge and knowledge in English subjects.In fact, this is the basic requirement for curricula designers, for only so can they design the basic curricula and choose the fittest textbooks.Second, curricula designers should have knowledge in pedagogy and psychology, especially the practical psychology or teaching and learning psychology in the relevant major or profession field.This is required in curricula subjects proportion assignment, subjects' teaching sequence(what to taught first, what to be later and what to together with what others, and so on), and the difficulty degree that is related to students' learning acceptability and challenge.Third, curricula designers should have awareness and ability in studying teacher resources.Good curricula are produced on consideration of both best use of available teacher resources and best development of teacher resources.That is, to reach the best match between teachers and their teaching subjects and even that between teachers team curricula combination.Curricula have both acceptability and challenge for teachers.Curricula-teacher match should consider teachers' advantages and their shorts.In this way teachers can feel achievement and confidence and that of being specially cared and laid importance to.On the other hand, certain challenge and consideration of enough self-development time for teachers allow teachers to develop themselves.Good curricula design makes the beneficial development for both colleges and teachers.

In some way, curricula design can be compared to a banquet design.To make the banquet as perfect as possible, designers need to study the guests and schedule the best course structure, consider the best dishes raw materials and the best cooks.

3.5 Curricula design principles and management

Now we conclude curricula design principles:

1)Economic and high-validity principle

To seek for the minimum time and teaching and learning resources cost and ensure the best accomplishment of education and teaching goals.Curricula are configured and optimized on the best curricula structure, the best textbooks choice and the best match between teachers and curricula.

2)Development principle

Curricula fit for the development of students, teachers and colleges.

3)Dynamic management principle

Curricula can't always remain available and high-valid.We live in a time of rapid social development.Many variants make it necessary for curricula's redesign and modification.

Following procedures are needed for general curricula design and management:

1)Basic curricula design

In this step, it is necessary to be well-clear of the education and teaching goals of the given college, then analyze students' knowledge and skill constitution of a certain major or profession under the goals and sketch the highly goal-aiming nuclear, medium and basic curricula design.

2)Curricula improvement

In this step, it is necessary to analyze the relevant psychological constitution and take into account factors such as teaching resources (teachers, hardware teaching conditions), student conditions to optimize perfect curricula design, such as the matches between textbooks and curricula and those between teachers and curricula, and teaching assignment.

3)Dynamic management of curricula

Dynamic curricula management requires constant feedback information collection from various aspects and intended assessment of the curricula in operation, the related written documents management and of course redesign or modification of curricula.

4.Conclusion

Curricula design and management are of great importance in college education.They reflect the education and teaching goals of a college or a certain profession are high or low, and to some extent, the education and teaching transmission channels established between colleges and their educates economic and high-valid or not.And good curricula design serves as a pre-implanted accurately-drawn teaching and learning map in students' and teachers' mind and helps them better guide or conduct their teaching and learning behaviors aiming at their goals.Thus, education and teaching and learning potentials of the three sides, college (education offerer), teachers (the practical curricula operators), and students are conformed effectively made use of.Good curricula design and management are economic, high-valid and are helpful for sustainable development of college, teachers and students.Through improvement of curricula design, the education and teaching can be let full play of.

Bibliography

[1] Zhang Furong.(2000).Modern Curriculum Theory[M].Chongqing: South-West Normal University Press.

[2] Zhang Furong.(2000).Teaching Psychology[M].Chongqing: South-west Normal University Press.

[3] Keith Johnson.(2001).An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

[4] M.Williams and Robert L.Burden.(2000).English Teachers and Psychology[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

在格式上,每篇具体文本固然有其特定的格式模式,显然,一篇文本的特定的文本格式模式只能是在一篇已经生成的文本中找出。然而,在具体的文本写作中,写作者在一篇文本尚未生成之前,究竟是靠什么来定位文本的格式呢?答案是同类型文本的一般格式结构。在文本的生成中,同类型文本遵循同类型文本的惯常的格式结构模式,然后,再根据文本的读者对象、功用目的以及写作者的个人倾向等因素进行一些较为微观的调整定位,就形成了一篇具体文本特定的格式结构模式。

下面拟就英语书信格式(英语公函、英语私人信件、英语便条)、英语履历/简历格式对英语语篇文本的格式结构进行探讨。

英语正式书信格式。英语书信有四种常见的格式:齐头式(Block Format), 变体齐头式(Modified Block Format),折中式(Semi-Block Format),锯齿式(Indented Format)。它们的格式结构如下:

1.Block Format 2.Modified Block Format

3.Semi-Block Format 4.Indented Format

英语履历格式主要有三种:顶格式、居中式和混合式。

顶格式,也称左边顶格式,各个小标题居左边对齐:

Resume

…….(最基本个人信息,如姓名、地址、电话等)

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